{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T03:44:29Z","timestamp":1794109469052,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Gastrointestinal parasites such as nematodes and coccidia are responsible for significant economic losses in the goat industry globally. An indiscriminate use of antiparasitic drugs, primarily registered for use in sheep and cattle, in goats has resulted in drug-resistant gastrointestinal parasites. Very little is known about the gastrointestinal parasite control practices used by Australian dairy goat farmers that are pivotal for achieving sustainable control of economically important parasites. The study reported here provides insights into gastrointestinal parasite control practices of Australian dairy goat farmers based on responses to an online survey.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The questionnaire comprised 58 questions on farm demography, husbandry and grazing management, knowledge of gastrointestinal parasites and their importance in dairy goats, diagnosis of infections, antiparasitic drugs and alternate control options. After a pilot survey (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915 respondents), a link to the questionnaire was available to all (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009456) registered members of the Dairy Goat Society of Australia Ltd from 17 April to 16 June 2023. Multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) were performed to explore the association between selected parasite control practices.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 66 (14%) respondents completed the questionnaire. Of these, 74% (49\/66) observed parasite-related illnesses in their goats; two-thirds of them assessed worms burden using faecal egg counts (FECs), with 26% (39\/149) deworming their goats based on the results of the FECs. Most respondents (97%; 183\/188) perceived that gastrointestinal parasites caused production losses and ranked <jats:italic>Haemonchus contortus<\/jats:italic> as the most important parasite. Anitparasitic drugs were used by 94% (62\/66) of respondents, with the most frequently used anthelmintics being a commercial combination of four anthelmintics (levamisole, closantel, albendazole and abamectin), benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones. Most respondents (77%; 51\/66) were unaware of anthelmintic resistance on their property. MCA results delineated two clusters of gastrointestinal parasites management.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study provides insights into the demography of Australian dairy goat farms, the husbandry and grazing practices used by dairy goat farmers, their knowledge regarding gastrointestinal parasites and their practices for internal parasite control, thereby paving the way for tackling drug resistance in gastrointestinal parasites in dairy goats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06650-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T11:58:14Z","timestamp":1737719894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Australian dairy goat farmers towards the control of gastrointestinal parasites"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Endris A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazanfar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Beveridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Baxendell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berwyn","family":"Squire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Ghafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6650_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)00120-8","volume":"26","author":"MF Van Houtert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Van Houtert MF, Sykes AR. Implications of nutrition for the ability of ruminants to withstand gastrointestinal nematode infections. Int J Parasitol. 1996;26:1151\u201367.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00032-0","volume":"71","author":"PJ Waller","year":"1997","unstructured":"Waller PJ. Sustainable helminth control of ruminants in developing countries. Vet Parasitol. 1997;71:195\u2013207.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(01)00240-1","volume":"42","author":"SM Githigia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Githigia SM, Thamsborg SM, Munyua WK, Maingi N. Impact of gastrointestinal helminths on production in goats in Kenya. Small Ruminant Res. 2001;42:21\u20139.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.04.007","volume":"26","author":"H Hoste","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoste H, Sotiraki S, Landau SY, Jackson F, Beveridge I. Goat\u2013nematode interactions: think differently. Trends Parasitol. 2010;26:376\u201381.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.10.008","volume":"27","author":"H Hoste","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoste H, Sotiraki S, de Jes\u00fas Torres-Acosta JF. Control of endoparasitic nematode infections in goats. Vet Clinic Food Anim Pract. 2011;27:163\u201373.","journal-title":"Vet Clinic Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"6650_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.03.010","volume":"101","author":"L Rinaldi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rinaldi L, Veneziano V, Cringoli G. Dairy goat production and the importance of gastrointestinal strongyle parasitism. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:745\u20136.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6650_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2017.04.001","volume":"163","author":"GC Fthenakis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fthenakis GC, Papadopoulos E. Impact of parasitism in goat production. Small Ruminant Res. 2018;163:21\u20133.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05816-y","volume":"16","author":"PM Airs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Airs PM, Ventura-Cordero J, Mvula W, Takahashi T, Van Wyk J, Nalivata P, et al. Low-cost molecular methods to characterise gastrointestinal nematode co-infections of goats in Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6650_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-019-01148-w","volume":"43","author":"TR Ghimire","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghimire TR, Bhattarai N. A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of goats in a goat market in Kathmandu. Nepal J Parasit Dis. 2019;43:686\u201395.","journal-title":"Nepal J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"6650_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01249-x","volume":"44","author":"SN Karshima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karshima SN, Karshima MN. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence, distribution and nematode species diversity in small ruminants: a Nigerian perspective. J Parasit Dis. 2020;44:702\u201318.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"6650_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109962","volume":"320","author":"DT Lianou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lianou DT, Arsenopoulos K, Michael CK, Mavrogianni VS, Papadopoulos E, Fthenakis GC. Dairy goats helminthosis and its potential predictors in Greece: findings from an extensive countrywide study. Vet Parasitol. 2023;320:109962.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8050069","volume":"8","author":"A Maurizio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maurizio A, Stancampiano L, Tessarin C, Pertile A, Pedrini G, Asti C, et al. Survey on endoparasites of dairy goats in North-Eastern Italy using a farm-tailored monitoring approach. Vet Sci. 2021;8:69.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"6650_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1937-2","volume":"15","author":"KM Mohammedsalih","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammedsalih KM, Khalafalla A, Bashar A, Abakar A, Hessain A, Juma FR, et al. Epidemiology of strongyle nematode infections and first report of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus in goats in South Darfur State, Sudan. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"6650_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612014016","volume":"23","author":"WM Radavelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Radavelli WM, Pazinato R, Klauck V, Volpato A, Balzan A, Rossett J, et al. Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats from the Western Santa Catarina, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2014;23:101\u20134.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"6650_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-114","volume":"10","author":"SA Zanzani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zanzani SA, Gazzonis AL, Di Cerbo A, Varady M, Manfredi MT. Gastrointestinal nematodes of dairy goats, anthelmintic resistance and practices of parasite control in Northern Italy. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"6650_CR16","volume-title":"Nematode parasites of domestic animals and of man","author":"ND Levine","year":"1980","unstructured":"Levine ND. Nematode parasites of domestic animals and of man. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing; 1980.","edition":"2"},{"key":"6650_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2006.07.006","volume":"22","author":"AM Zajac","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zajac AM. Gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants: life cycle, anthelmintics, and diagnosis. Vet Clinic Food Anim Pract. 2006;22:529\u201341.","journal-title":"Vet Clinic Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"6650_CR18","unstructured":"Joe L, Tristan J, Richard S, John WW, Fordyce G. Priority list of endemic diseases for the red meat industries. North Sydney: Meat and Livestock Australia Ltd; 2015."},{"key":"6650_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2012.04.027","volume":"106","author":"EG Alberti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alberti EG, Zanzani SA, Ferrari N, Bruni G, Manfredi MT. Effects of gastrointestinal nematodes on milk productivity in three dairy goat breeds. Small Ruminant Res. 2012;106:12\u20137.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2014.04.017","volume":"120","author":"EG Alberti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alberti EG, Zanzani SA, Gazzonis AL, Zanatta G, Bruni G, Villa M, et al. Effects of gastrointestinal infections caused by nematodes on milk production in goats in a mountain ecosystem: comparison between a cosmopolite and a local breed. Small Ruminant Res. 2014;120:155\u201363.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paraud C, Chartier C. Facing anthelmintic resistance in goats. In: Simoes J, Gutierrez C, editors. Sustainable goat production in adverse environments. Cham: Springer International; 2017. p. 267\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-71855-2_16.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71855-2_16"},{"key":"6650_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2022.109809","volume":"312","author":"E Baudinette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baudinette E, O\u2019Handley R, Trengove C. Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol. 2022;312:109809.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR23","first-page":"109","volume":"12","author":"P Galtier","year":"1981","unstructured":"Galtier P, Escoula L, Camguilhem R, Alvinerie M. Comparative bioavailability of levamisole in non-lactating ewes and goats. Ann Rech Vet. 1981;12:109\u201315.","journal-title":"Ann Rech Vet"},{"key":"6650_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)00144-0","volume":"27","author":"DR Hennessy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hennessy DR. Physiology, pharmacology and parasitology. Int J Parasitol. 1997;27:145\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008581","volume":"87","author":"J Dupuy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dupuy J, Chartier C, Sutra JF, Alvinerie M. Eprinomectin in dairy goats: dose influence on plasma levels and excretion in milk. Parasitol Res. 2001;87:294\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"6650_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1983.34999","volume":"31","author":"PR Kettle","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kettle PR, Vlassoff A, Reid TC, Hotton CT. A survey of nematode control measures used by milking goat farmers and of anthelmintic resistance on their farms. N Z Vet J. 1983;31:139\u201343.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1986.35348","volume":"34","author":"AB Pearson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pearson AB, MacKenzie R. Parasite control in fibre goats: results of a postal questionnaire. N Z Vet J. 1986;34:198\u20139.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01004-7","volume":"66","author":"N Maingi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maingi N, Bj\u00f8rn H, Thamsborg SM, Dangolla A, Kyvsgaard NC. A questionnaire survey of nematode parasite control practices on goat farms in Denmark. Vet Parasitol. 1996;66:25\u201337.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1990.35638","volume":"38","author":"AM Scherrer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Scherrer AM, Pomroy WE, Charleston WAG. Anthelmintic usage on goat farms in New Zealand: results of a postal survey. N Z Vet J. 1990;38:133\u20135.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006499522154","volume":"24","author":"H Hoste","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoste H, Chartier C, Etter E, Goudeau C, Soubirac F, Lefrileux Y. A questionnaire survey on the practices adopted to control gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in dairy goat farms in France. Vet Res Commun. 2000;24:459\u201369.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"6650_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00700125","volume":"74","author":"G Theodoropoulos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Theodoropoulos G, Theodoropoulos H, Zervas G, Bartziokas E. Nematode parasite control practices of sheep and goat farmers in the region of Trikala, Greece. J Helminthol. 2000;74:89\u201393.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"6650_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.07.012","volume":"134","author":"JFJ Torres-Acosta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Torres-Acosta JFJ, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Le Bigot C, Hoste H, Canul-Ku HL, Santos-Ricalde R, et al. Comparing different formulae to test for gastrointestinal nematode resistance to benzimidazoles in smallholder goat farms in Mexico. Vet Parasitol. 2005;134:241\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de S\u00e1 Guimar\u00e3es A, Gouveia AMG, do Carmo FB, Gouveia GC, Silva MX, da Silva Vieira L, et al. Management practices to control gastrointestinal parasites in dairy and beef goats in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2011;176:265\u201369.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.049"},{"key":"6650_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Waal T, Rinaldi L. Survey of endoparasite and parasite control practices by Irish goat owners. Kukovics S, editor. In: Goat science: from keeping to precision production. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.104279.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.104279"},{"key":"6650_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111668","volume":"14","author":"PJ Rufino-Moya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rufino-Moya PJ, Leva RZ, Reis LG, Garc\u00eda IA, Di Genova DR, G\u00f3mez AS, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminant farms in southern Spain. Animals. 2024;14:1668.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"6650_CR36","unstructured":"Lyndal-Murphy M, James P, Bowles P, Watts R, Baxendell S. Options for the control of parasites in the Australian goat industry: a situational analysis of parasites and parasite control. North Sydney: Meat and Livestock Australia Ltd; 2007."},{"key":"6650_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1071\/AN14794","volume":"56","author":"M Nogueira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nogueira M, Gummow B, Gardiner CP, Cavalieri J, Fitzpatrick LA, Parker AJ. A survey of the meat goat industry in Queensland and New South Wales. 2. Herd management, reproductive performance and animal health. Anim Prod Sci. 2015;56:1533\u201344.","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci."},{"key":"6650_CR38","volume":"18","author":"LM Brunt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brunt LM, Rast L, Hernandez-Jover M, Brockwell YM, Woodgate RG. A producer survey of knowledge and practises on gastrointestinal nematode control within the Australian goat industry. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2019;18:100325.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"6650_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12734","volume":"96","author":"E Zalcman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zalcman E, Cowled B. Farmer survey to assess the size of the Australian dairy goat industry. Aust Vet J. 2018;96:341\u20135.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR40","first-page":"1527","volume":"23","author":"AK Mahmood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mahmood AK, Khan MS, Khan MA, Bilal M, Farooq U. Lactic acidosis in goats: prevalence, intra-ruminal and haematological investigations. J Anim Plant Sci. 2013;23:1527\u201331.","journal-title":"J Anim Plant Sci"},{"key":"6650_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118003671","volume":"13","author":"RY Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang RY, Liu YJ, Yin YY, Jin W, Mao SY, Liu JH. Response of rumen microbiota, and metabolic profiles of rumen fluid, liver and serum of goats to high-grain diets. Animal. 2019;13:1855\u201364.","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"6650_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2012.11.011","volume":"110","author":"AH Andrews","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andrews AH. Some aspects of coccidiosis in sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Res. 2013;110:93\u20135.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105274","volume":"185","author":"K Anzuino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anzuino K, Knowles TG, Lee MRF, Grogono-Thomas R. Survey of husbandry and health on UK commercial dairy goat farms. Vet Rec. 2019;185:267\u2013267.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"6650_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9382","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16264","volume":"102","author":"CG Todd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Todd CG, Bruce B, Deeming L, Zobel G. Survival of replacement kids from birth to mating on commercial dairy goat farms in New Zealand. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102:9382\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"6650_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.12.001","volume":"183","author":"G Leitner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leitner G, Krifucks O, Weisblit L, Lavi Y, Bernstein S, Merin U. The effect of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection on production in goats. Vet J. 2010;183:328\u201331.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00182","volume":"7","author":"I Echeverr\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Echeverr\u00eda I, De Miguel R, De Pablo-Maiso L, Glaria I, Benito AA, De Blas I, et al. Multi-platform detection of small ruminant lentivirus antibodies and provirus as biomarkers of production losses. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:182.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"6650_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.07.010","volume":"141","author":"S Dore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dore S, Liciardi M, Amatiste S, Bergagna S, Bolzoni G, Caligiuri V, et al. Survey on small ruminant bacterial mastitis in Italy, 2013\u20132014. Small Ruminant Res. 2016;141:91\u20133.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6625","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7493","volume":"97","author":"M Battini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Battini M, Vieira A, Barbieri S, Ajuda I, Stilwell G, Mattiello S. Invited review: animal-based indicators for on-farm welfare assessment for dairy goats. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97:6625\u201348.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"6650_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","volume":"45","author":"S Van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K. mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Softw. 2011;45:1\u201367.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"6650_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2307\/1936664","volume":"62","author":"P Feinsinger","year":"1981","unstructured":"Feinsinger P, Spears EE, Poole RW. A simple measure of niche breadth. Ecology. 1981;62:27\u201332.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"6650_CR51","unstructured":"Kassambara A. Practical guide to principal component methods in R (multivariate analysis book 2). PCA, M(CA), FAMD, MFA, HCPC, factoextra. 2017. https:\/\/www.sthda.com\/english\/."},{"key":"6650_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i01","volume":"25","author":"S L\u00ea","year":"2008","unstructured":"L\u00ea S, Josse J, Husson F. FactoMineR: an R package for multivariate analysis. J Stat Softw. 2008;25:1\u201318.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"6650_CR53","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2023."},{"key":"6650_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014038","volume":"21","author":"SA Holm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holm SA, S\u00f6rensen CRL, Thamsborg SM, Enemark HL. Gastrointestinal nematodes and anthelmintic resistance in Danish goat herds. Parasite. 2014;21:37.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"6650_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-53-29","volume":"53","author":"AVM Domke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Domke AVM, Chartier C, Gjerde B, Leine N, Vatn S, \u00d8ster\u00e5s O, et al. Worm control practice against gastro-intestinal parasites in Norwegian sheep and goat flocks. Acta Vet Scand. 2011;53:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"6650_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1979.tb05604.x","volume":"55","author":"RA McKenzie","year":"1979","unstructured":"McKenzie RA, Green PE, Thornton AM, Blackall PJ. Feral goats and infectious disease: an abattoir survey. Aust Vet J. 1979;55:441\u20132.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09642.x","volume":"64","author":"I Beveridge","year":"1987","unstructured":"Beveridge I, Pullman AL, Henzell R, Martin RR. Helminth parasites of feral goats in South Australia. Aust Vet J. 1987;64:111\u20132.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR58","volume":"22","author":"LMR Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva LMR, Carrau T, Vila-Vi\u00e7osa MJM, Musella V, Rinaldi L, Failing K, et al. Analysis of potential risk factors of caprine coccidiosis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2020;22:100458.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"6650_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2011.10.012","volume":"103","author":"F Jackson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jackson F, Varady M, Bartley DJ. Managing anthelmintic resistance in goats: can we learn lessons from sheep? Small Ruminant Res. 2012;103:3\u20139.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12271","volume":"92","author":"MC Playford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Playford MC, Smith AN, Love S, Besier RB, Kluver P, Bailey JN. Prevalence and severity of anthelmintic resistance in ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in Australia (2009\u20132012). Aust Vet J. 2014;92:464\u201371.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.12.350","volume":"146","author":"C Chartier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chartier C, Pors I, Sutra JF, Alvinerie M. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of levamisole hydrochloride in goats with nematode infections. Vet Rec. 2000;146:350\u20131.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"6650_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2478\/s11687-011-0021-7","volume":"48","author":"M V\u00e1rady","year":"2011","unstructured":"V\u00e1rady M, Papadopoulos E, Dolinsk\u00e1 M, K\u00f6nigov\u00e1 A. Anthelmintic resistance in parasites of small ruminants: sheep versus goats. Helminthologia. 2011;48:137\u201344.","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"6650_CR63","unstructured":"Cutress D. Internal parasite control and goats: implications for a growing industry. 2022. http:\/\/businesswales.gov.wales\/farmingconnect\/business. Accessed July 2024."},{"key":"6650_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07318.x","volume":"62","author":"NJ Barton","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barton NJ, Trainor BL, Urie JS, Atkins JW, Pymans MFS, Wolstencroft IR. Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of goats. Aust Vet J. 1985;62:224\u20137.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10852.x","volume":"80","author":"PI Veale","year":"2002","unstructured":"Veale PI. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones in nematodes of goats. Aust Vet J. 2002;80:303\u20134.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182023000380","volume":"150","author":"EK Francis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Francis EK, \u0160lapeta J. Refugia or reservoir? Feral goats and their role in the maintenance and circulation of benzimidazole-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes on shared pastures. Parasitology. 2023;150:672\u201382.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"6650_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14132.x","volume":"62","author":"RJ Gillham","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gillham RJ, Obendorf DL. Therapeutic failure of levamisole in dairy goats. Aust Vet J. 1985;62:426\u20137.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13267","volume":"101","author":"AC Kotze","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kotze AC, Hunt PW. The current status and outlook for insecticide, acaricide and anthelmintic resistances across the Australian ruminant livestock industries: assessing the threat these resistances pose to the livestock sector. Aust Vet J. 2023;101:321\u201333.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6650_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020363","volume":"11","author":"KV Arsenopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arsenopoulos KV, Fthenakis GC, Katsarou EI, Papadopoulos E. Haemonchosis: a challenging parasitic infection of sheep and goats. Animals. 2021;11:363.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"6650_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.02.010","volume":"253","author":"K Healey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Healey K, Lawlor C, Knox MR, Chambers M, Lamb J. Field evaluation of Duddingtonia flagrans IAH 1297 for the reduction of worm burden in grazing animals: tracer studies in sheep. Vet Parasitol. 2018;253:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.06.017","volume":"258","author":"K Healey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Healey K, Lawlor C, Knox MR, Chambers M, Lamb J, Groves P. Field evaluation of Duddingtonia flagrans IAH 1297 for the reduction of worm burden in grazing animals: pasture larval studies in horses, cattle and goats. Vet Parasitol. 2018;258:124\u201332.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.006","volume":"138","author":"N Maingi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maingi N, Krecek RC, van Biljon N. Control of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats on pastures in South Africa using nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans and selective anthelmintic treatments. Vet Parasitol. 2006;138:328\u201336.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-3467-1","volume":"31","author":"C Paraud","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paraud C, Pors I, Chartier C. Efficiency of feeding Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores to control nematode parasites of first-season grazing goats in France. Vet Res Commun. 2007;31:305\u201315.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"6650_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.026","volume":"159","author":"C Epe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Epe C, Holst C, Koopmann R, Schnieder T, Larsen M, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Experiences with Duddingtonia flagrans administration to parasitized small ruminants. Vet Parasitol. 2009;159:86\u201390.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.02.018","volume":"188","author":"VL Vilela","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vilela VL, Feitosa TF, Braga FR, de Ara\u00fajo JV, de Oliveira Souto DV. Biological control of goat gastrointestinal helminthiasis by Duddingtonia flagrans in a semi-arid region of the northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2012;188:127\u201333.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6650_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2017.03.016","volume":"151","author":"AFIM de Matos","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Matos AFIM, Nobre COR, Monteiro JP, Bevilaqua CML, Smith WD, Teixeira M. Attempt to control Haemonchus contortus in dairy goats with Barbervax\u00ae, a vaccine derived from the nematode gut membrane glycoproteins. Small Ruminant Res. 2017;151:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.10.013","volume":"182","author":"COR Nobre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nobre COR, de Matos AFIM, Monteiro JP, de Souza V, Smith WD, Teixeira M. Benefits of vaccinating goats against Haemonchus contortus during gestation and lactation. Small Ruminant Res. 2020;182:46\u201351.","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"6650_CR78","volume-title":"Veterinary parasitology","author":"MA Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL. Veterinary parasitology. 4th ed. Hoboken: Wiley\u2013Blackwell Science; 2016.","edition":"4"},{"key":"6650_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01235-3","volume":"44","author":"LO de Macedo","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Macedo LO, Bezerra-Santos MA, de Mendon\u00e7a CL, Alves LC, Ramos RAN, de Carvalho GA. Prevalence and risk factors associated with infection by Eimeria spp. in goats and sheep in Northeastern Brazil. J Parasit Dis. 2020;44:607\u201312.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"6650_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/147078530104300401","volume":"43","author":"C Cobanoglu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cobanoglu C, Moreo PJ, Warde B. A comparison of mail, fax and web-based survey methods. Int J Mark Res. 2001;43:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Mark Res"},{"key":"6650_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miok K, Nguyen-Doan D, Robnik-\u0160ikonja M, Zaharie D. Multiple imputation for biomedical data using Monte Carlo dropout autoencoders. 2019 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB 2019), 21-23 Nov 2019, Iasi. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; 2019. p. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/EHB47216.2019.8969940"},{"key":"6650_CR82","first-page":"78","volume":"43","author":"H Zhong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhong H, Hu W, Penn JM. Application of multiple imputation in dealing with missing data in agricultural surveys: the case of bmp adoption. J Agric Resour Econ. 2018;43:78\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Agric Resour Econ"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06650-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06650-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06650-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T12:24:28Z","timestamp":1737721468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06650-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06650-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The questionnaire survey was approved by the Human Ethics Committee (Ethics ID: 25037) of the University of Melbourne.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants provided their consent to the publication of their collated responses anonymously as per the above ethics approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25"}}