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Ascertaining whether non-biting flies (NBFs) serve as potential vectors of these parasites on pig farms is a crucial aspect of disease control.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Non-biting flies were collected and identified by morphology analysis together with sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome<jats:italic> c<\/jats:italic> oxidase I (CO1) gene as confirmation. In a cross-sectional study, the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (<jats:italic>SSU<\/jats:italic> rRNA) gene of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp., the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) region of <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic> and the<jats:italic> SSU<\/jats:italic> rRNA gene of <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> sp. were investigated in fresh pig fecal samples and sympatric NBFs. <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results revealed the occurrence of five species of NBFs (<jats:italic>Musca domestica<\/jats:italic>, 91.2%; <jats:italic>Lucilia sericata<\/jats:italic>, 5.8%; <jats:italic>Chrysomya megacephala<\/jats:italic>, 1.7%; <jats:italic>Aldrichina grahami<\/jats:italic>, 0.6%; <jats:italic>Helicophagella melanura<\/jats:italic>, 0.6%) in the collected pig fecal samples. The prevalence of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> sp. on the body surface of NBFs was 0.6% (2\/342), 4.4% (15\/342) and 20.8% (71\/342), respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of these parasites in the lysates of NBFs (= in vivo carriage) was 0% (0\/342), 2.7% (9\/342) and 10.5% (36\/342), respectively. The prevalence of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> sp. in pigs from which fly samples were collected was 2.3% (41\/1794), 12.6% (226\/1794) and 30.8% (553\/1794), respectively. The zoonotic <jats:italic>Cryposporidium suis<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>C. scrofarum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic> ITS genotypes EbpA\/EbpC and <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> sp. subtypes ST1\/ST3\/ST5 were identified in both NBFs and pig feces. NBFs were found to carry <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> sp. on their body surface as well as in the lysates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings demonstrate the role of NBFs as potential vectors in the dissemination of these zoonotic parasites in pig farms, and also highlight the possibility of their transmission to humans.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06686-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T18:19:01Z","timestamp":1739902741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sympatric non-biting flies serve as potential vectors of zoonotic protozoan parasites on pig farms in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pitambar","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fa","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huikai","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6686_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05650-2","volume":"16","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang N, Qin H, Zhang L, Zhang S. 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