{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T10:27:34Z","timestamp":1781173654121,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012752","name":"Elanco","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hookworms, specifically <jats:italic>Ancylostoma caninum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Uncinaria stenocephala<\/jats:italic>, have a clinical impact on the health of dogs, with <jats:italic>A.\u00a0caninum<\/jats:italic> posing a zoonotic risk worldwide. The studies presented here were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, oral chewable tablet (Credelio Quattro) containing lotilaner, moxidectin, praziquantel, and pyrantel (as pamoate salt) against fourth-stage larvae (L<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), immature adult, and adult <jats:italic>A.\u00a0caninum<\/jats:italic>, as well as adult <jats:italic>U.\u00a0stenocephala<\/jats:italic>, infections in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Nine negatively controlled, masked, randomized laboratory studies evaluated the efficacy and non-interference of the drugs against various stages of <jats:italic>A.\u00a0caninum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>U.\u00a0stenocephala<\/jats:italic>. In addition to one pilot study conducted against L<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>caninum<\/jats:italic> and one study that assessed efficacy in dogs with naturally acquired <jats:italic>U.\u00a0stenocephala<\/jats:italic>, two experimental studies were conducted against each of the target hookworm species and stages. A total of 16\u201331 dogs comprised each study. With the exception of the study in dogs with naturally acquired <jats:italic>U.\u00a0stenocephala<\/jats:italic>, dogs were experimentally infected with the target parasite and dosed on Day 0 or 4 with placebo tablets, Credelio Quattro tablets (or components of Credelio Quattro formulation for the pilot study), or individual actives, moxidectin or pyrantel, in the specific studies designed to assess interference. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing the number of worms recovered at necropsy 5\u201310\u00a0days post-treatment between the treated and control groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All dogs tolerated Credelio Quattro well. Efficacy of Credelio Quattro was\u2009\u2265\u200999.0% against L<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:italic>A.\u00a0caninum<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2265\u200999.8% against immature adult <jats:italic>A.\u00a0caninum<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2265\u200999.9% against adult <jats:italic>A.\u00a0caninum<\/jats:italic>, and\u2009\u2265\u200999.6% against adult <jats:italic>U.\u00a0stenocephala.<\/jats:italic> Additionally, treatment with Credelio Quattro provided a\u2009\u2265\u200999.9% reduction in fecal egg counts 10\u00a0days post-treatment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Credelio Quattro, a novel oral chewable tablet administered at the minimum effective dosages of 20\u00a0mg\/kg lotilaner, 0.02\u00a0mg\/kg moxidectin, 5.0\u00a0mg\/kg praziquantel, and 5.0\u00a0mg\/kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt), was safe and effective for the treatment and control of L<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, immature adult, and adult stages of <jats:italic>A.\u00a0caninum<\/jats:italic> and adult <jats:italic>U.\u00a0stenocephala<\/jats:italic> in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06757-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1743715082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficacy of a novel chewable tablet (Credelio Quattro\u2122) containing lotilaner, moxidectin, praziquantel, and pyrantel for the treatment and control of hookworm infections in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Charles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Deuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinshuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Wiseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig R.","family":"Reinemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luther","family":"van der Mescht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelmoneim","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imad","family":"Bouzaidi Cheikhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6757_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1015-y","volume":"8","author":"D Ng-Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng-Nguyen D, Hii SF, Nguyen VA, Van Nguyen T, Van Nguyen D, Traub RJ. Re-evaluation of the species of hookworms infecting dogs in Central Vietnam. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-1015-y.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6757_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.05.026","volume":"123","author":"RJ Traub","year":"2004","unstructured":"Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Irwin P, Mencke N, Thompson RC. Application of a species-specific PCR-RFLP to identify Ancylostoma eggs directly from canine faeces. Vet Parasitol. 2004;123:245\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.05.026.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6757_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.04.003","volume":"13","author":"PD Jimenez Castro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pablo D. Jimenez Castro, Abdelmoneim Mansour, Samuel Charles, Joe Hostetler, Terry Settje, et\u00a0al. Efficacy evaluation of anthelmintic products against an infection with the canine hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) isolate worthy 4.1F3P in dogs. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2020;13:22\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.04.003.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"6757_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3701-7","volume":"12","author":"J Drake","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drake J, Carey T. Seasonality and changing prevalence of common canine gastrointestinal nematodes in the USA. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3701-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6757_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03765-3","volume":"19","author":"S Illiano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sergio Illiano, Lavinia Ciuca, Maria Paola Maurelli, Paola Pepe, Valeria Caruso, Antonio Bosco, et\u00a0al. Epidemiological and molecular updates on hookworm species in dogs from southern Italy. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19:204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-023-03765-3.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"6757_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3951-4","volume":"13","author":"C Becskei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Csilla Becskei, Mirjan Thys, Kristina Kryda, Leon Meyer, Susanna Martorell, Thomas Geurden, et\u00a0al. Efficacy of Simparica Trio\u2122, a novel chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel, against induced hookworm infections in dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3951-4.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6757_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.07.002","volume":"39","author":"C Epe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Epe C. Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009;39:1091\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.07.002.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"6757_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2307\/3277259","volume":"55","author":"JR Georgi","year":"1969","unstructured":"Georgi JR, LeJambre LF, Ractliffe LH. Ancylostoma caninum burden in relationship to erythrocyte loss in dogs. J Parasitol. 1969;55:1205\u201311.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"6757_CR9","first-page":"235","volume":"6","author":"S Areekul","year":"1975","unstructured":"Areekul S, Saenghirun C, Ukoskit K. Studies on the pathogenicity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum. I. Blood loss in experimental dogs. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1975;6:235\u201340.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"6757_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2022.100719","volume":"30","author":"RP Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh RP, Roy BC, Begum N, Talukder MH. Prevalence of hookworm infections among stray dogs and molecular identification of hookworm species for the first time in Bangladesh. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2022;30:100719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2022.100719.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"6757_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.005","volume":"26","author":"DD Bowman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR. Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010;26:162\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.005.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"6757_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.06.003","volume":"20","author":"D Sow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sow D, Soro F, Javelle E, Simon F, Parola P, Gautret P. Epidemiological profile of cutaneous larva migrans in travelers returning to France between 2003 and 2015. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2017;20:61\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.06.003.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"6757_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00016-2","volume":"62","author":"P Prociv","year":"1996","unstructured":"Prociv P, Croese J. Human enteric infection with Ancylostoma caninum: hookworms reappraised in the light of a \u201cnew\u201d zoonosis. Acta Trop. 1996;62:23\u201344.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6757_CR14","first-page":"1011","volume":"73","author":"JB Klein","year":"1978","unstructured":"Klein JB, Bradley RE Sr, Conway DP. Anthelmintic efficacy of pyrantel pamoate against the roundworm, Toxocara canis, and the hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, in dogs. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1978;73:1011\u20133.","journal-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin"},{"key":"6757_CR15","first-page":"372","volume":"64","author":"R Nezami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nezami R, Blanchard J, Godoy P. Compte rendu The canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum: a novel threat for anthelmintic resistance in Canada. Can Vet J. 2023;64:372\u20138.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"6757_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bowman DD, Lucio-Forster A, Lee A. Hookworms. In: Sykes JE, editor. Greene\u2019s infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 5th ed. WB Saunders; 2021. p. 1436\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-50934-3.00113-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-50934-3.00113-0"},{"key":"6757_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-91","volume":"5","author":"D Traversa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Traversa D. Pet roundworms and hookworms: a continuing need for global worming. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-91.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6757_CR18","unstructured":"for CAPCCgoh. 2016. https:\/\/capcvet.org\/guidelines\/hookworms\/.  Accessed 24 Mar 2025."},{"key":"6757_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109167","volume":"1","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filipe Dantas-Torres, Jennifer Ketzis, Andrei D. Mihalca, Gad Baneth, Domenico Otranto, Gabriela, et\u00a0al. TroCCAP recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections in dogs and cats in the tropics. Vet Parasitol. 2020;1:109167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109167.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6757_CR20","unstructured":"ESCCAP: ESCCAP Guideline 01 third edition July 2017\u2014Worm control in dogs and cats.https:\/\/www.esccap.org\/uploads\/docs\/oc1bt50t_0778_ESCCAP_GL1_v15_1p.pdf Guideline_01_Sixth_Edition_May_2021.pdf. Accessed 15 Oct 2024."},{"key":"6757_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3149-1","volume":"11","author":"J McNamara","year":"2018","unstructured":"McNamara J, Drake J, Wiseman S, Wright I. Survey of European pet owners quantifying endoparasitic infection risk and implications for deworming recommendations. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3149-1.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6757_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(01)00615-x","volume":"103","author":"J Vercruysse","year":"2002","unstructured":"J Vercruysse, P Holdsworth, T Letonja, G Conder, K Hamamoto, K Okano, et\u00a0al. International harmonisation of anthelmintic efficacy guidelines (Part 2). Vet Parasitol. 2002;103:277\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-4017(01)00615-x.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6757_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2022.109815","volume":"1","author":"F Beugnet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frederic Beugnet, Piyanan Taweethavonsawat, Donato Traversa, Josephus Fourie, John McCall, Eric Tielem, et\u00a0al. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics for dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol. 2022;1:109815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2022.109815.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6757_CR24","unstructured":"Credelio Quattro Package Insert, NADA 141\u2013581."},{"key":"6757_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.003","volume":"204","author":"MC Gates","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gates MC, Nolan TJ. Declines in canine endoparasite prevalence associated with the introduction of commercial heartworm and flea preventatives from 1984 to 2007. Vet Parasitol. 2014;204:265\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.003.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6757_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04766-7","volume":"14","author":"B Hayes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayes B, Wiseman S, Snyder DE. Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio((R)) plus) against natural intestinal nematode infections in dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:258.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06757-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06757-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06757-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T21:18:19Z","timestamp":1743715099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06757-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06757-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The animal care and use (ACUP) application numbers associated with these studies are considered proprietary and not included in the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"L.Y., S.C., K.D., X.W., and S.W. are employees of Elanco Animal Health. C.R., L.M., A.M., and I.B.C. were contracted to participate in the studies.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"125"}}