{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:43:03Z","timestamp":1792788183957,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JEAI-IRD"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the mangroves of Guinea, where the most active foci of human African trypanosomiasis in West Africa are located, vector control against tsetse flies using insecticide-impregnated Tiny Targets was first introduced in 2012. While annual deployments of Tiny Targets have resulted in an overall 90% reduction in tsetse fly densities in control areas, managing tsetse densities in specific biotopes such as mangrove channels, which are susceptible to significant climatic disturbances, presents greater challenges. Thus, a new three-dimensional model called the Cross Target was designed to address this situation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the first phase, we evaluated the attractiveness of the Cross Target along with three other devices (the Tiny Target, the biconical trap, and the pyramidal trap) in a Latin square design. In a second phase, we assessed the efficacy of the Tiny Target and the Cross Target to control tsetse densities in a pilot field study led in two adjacent mangrove channels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the Latin square study, the Cross Target was significantly more attractive than the other devices, with a catch index of 2.23 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03), 1.63 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004), and 2.39 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) as compared with the biconical trap, the Tiny Target, and the pyramidal trap, respectively. In the pilot experimental field evaluation the Cross Target also showed its superiority, with tsetse density reduction reaching 90% 15 months after the initial deployment, whereas densities remained high in the channel where Tiny Targets were deployed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study underscores the superiority of the new three-dimensional Cross Target in terms of attractiveness to tsetse flies and its resilience to climatic disturbances as compared with the conventional Tiny Target. The Cross Target presents a promising solution to enhance vector control effectiveness in challenging environments, such as mangroves or other hard-to-access areas, where target maintenance is particularly difficult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06783-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T02:16:47Z","timestamp":1747880207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The \u201cGredouno\u201d Cross Target: a new tool adapted to control Glossina palpalis gambiensis in the mangrove forests of Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kagbadouno","family":"Mo\u00efse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camara Abdoulaye","family":"Dansy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Jean-Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solano","family":"Philippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bucheton","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camara","family":"Mamadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9baut","family":"Pascal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"6783_CR1","first-page":"246","volume-title":"Les glossines vectrices de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine","author":"C Laveissi\u00e8re","year":"2000","unstructured":"Laveissi\u00e8re C, Gr\u00e9baut P, Penchenier S, Herder L. Les glossines vectrices de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine. Congo: IRD, OCEAC; 2000. p. 246."},{"key":"6783_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001257","volume":"5","author":"J Esterhuizen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Esterhuizen J, Rayaisse JB, Tirados I, Mpiana S, Solano P, Vale GA, et al. Improving the cost-effectiveness of visual devices for the control of riverine tsetse flies, the major vectors of human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:2011.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6783_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001332","volume":"5","author":"JB Rayaisse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rayaisse JB, Esterhuizen J, Tirados I, Kaba D, Salou E, Diarrassouba A, et al. Towards an optimal design of target for tsetse control: comparisons of novel targets for the control of palpalis group tsetse in West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:1\u20138.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6783_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005792","author":"MH Mahamat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mahamat MH, Peka M, Rayaisse J-B, Rock KS, Toko MA, Darnas J, et al. Adding tsetse control to medical activities contributes to decreasing transmission of sleeping sickness in the Mandoul focus (Chad). PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(7):e0005792https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005792.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6783_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-00934-8","volume":"11","author":"KS Rock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rock KS, Huang CI, Crump RE, Bessell PR, Brown PE, Tirados I, et al. Update of transmission modelling and projections of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the Mandoul focus. 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Population genetics of Glossina palpalis gambiensis in the sleeping sickness focus of Boffa (Guinea) before and after eight years of vector control: no effect of control despite a significant decrease of human exposure to the disease. Peer Community J. 2024;4(e21). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24072\/pcjournal.383.","journal-title":"Peer Community J"},{"key":"6783_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-016-0478-1","volume":"109","author":"SM Kagbadouno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kagbadouno SM, Salou E, Rayaisse JB, Courtin F, Sanon A, Solano P, et al. \u00c9cologie de Glossina palpalis gambiensis VANDERPLANK, 1949 (Diptera\u202f: Glossinidae) en zone de mangrove de Guin\u00e9e: influence des mar\u00e9es sur les densit\u00e9s captur\u00e9es. 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