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Deer keds (\n                      <jats:italic>Lipoptena cervi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), which infest cervids (e.g., roe deer, fallow deer), are discussed as potential vectors for\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>B. schoenbuchensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed the seroprevalence of anti-\n                      <jats:italic>B. schoenbuchensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in sera of forest workers (FW;\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200982) compared to control sera of non-forest workers (NFW;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009118) from North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. For this purpose, an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using Vero E6 cells infected with\n                      <jats:italic>B. schoenbuchensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0was established, and serum titers were assessed. Whole cell lysate of\n                      <jats:italic>B. schoenbuchensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was introduced for analysis of seroreactivity by western blotting. Immunodominant proteins were identified by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When using human sera, 54.9% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945\/82) of FW were tested positive at a titre\u2009\u2265\u2009320 whereas IFA reactivity was 66.1% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200978\/118) in NFW. When the cut-off titre was set to\u2009\u2265\u2009640, then 18,3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915\/82) of FW and 20,3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200924\/118) of NFW displayed seroreactivity, respectively. In immunoblot analysis, IFA-positive sera reacted with 18 different bands ranging from ca. 40\u2013300\u00a0kDa. No elevated reactivity of sera from FW compared to those of NFW was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our data speak against an increased seroprevalence of anti-\n                      <jats:italic>B. schoenbuchensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG titers in FW, which are regularly exposed to deer keds, weakening the hypothesis that\n                      <jats:italic>B. schoenbuchensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is transmitted to humans by deer keds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06856-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T15:39:34Z","timestamp":1754321974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunofluorescence analysis reveals no increased seroprevalence of anti-Bartonella schoenbuchensis-IgG antibodies in German forest workers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kim Nina","family":"Buntrock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wibke","family":"Ballhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Podlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Malmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotta","family":"Happonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sounak","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Jurke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volkhard A. 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