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This was followed by DNA extraction and molecular analyses. The latter served to confirm tick species, and to detect important tick-borne pathogens, in particular rickettsiae, Anaplasmataceae, borreliae, and piroplasms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 502 ticks, six species were identified, with the predominance of\n                      <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Considering tick-borne pathogens, four\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , seven genospecies of\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and three\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were detected. Some of these predominated in nymphs or females of\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Tick-infested patients presented with six types of clinical signs. Approximately one out of seven ticks from patients presenting with erythema migrans were unengorged. Shorter, spring-associated presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      -,\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      -, and\n                      <jats:italic>Dermacentor<\/jats:italic>\n                      -borne rickettsiae was observed in ticks, while\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia helvetica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and borreliae persisted until late autumn.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The seasonal occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -borne pathogens appeared to be genus-dependent, but did not correlate with known typical reservoirs (rodents, birds, reptiles), nor with tick developmental stage or transstadial versus transovarial transmission. Pathogen detection in ticks that bit humans did not necessarily imply an infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06880-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1750383902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Retrospective molecular analyses of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from patients admitted to the Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases in Central Europe, Hungary (1999\u20132021), in relation to clinical symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1125-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Hornok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6ngyi","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Lakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"6880_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95552-0","volume-title":"Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing humans: a global overview","author":"AA Guglielmone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guglielmone AA, Robbins RG. 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Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2012;124:611\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-012-0217-y.","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06880-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06880-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06880-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T01:45:04Z","timestamp":1750383904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06880-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06880-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authorization\u00a0was provided by the Government Office of Budapest under permission number 6850\/2017\/1\/13\/2018-1 to conduct diagnostic tests at the Centre for Tick-borne Diseases, Budapest, on samples (blood or blood-containing ectoparasites) originally obtained from humans during medical care and to report or analyze these data anonymously. In case of collected ticks, compliance with the law on scientific research on human samples that (1) were obtained from humans without clinical intervention, and (2) analyzed in vitro, the 23\/2002. (V. 9.) E\u00fcM, 1. \u00a7 (2) point is relevant, according to which obtained scientific data represent the intellectual property of investigators who initiated and performed retrospective examination of such samples. All ticks used in this study were analyzed retrospectively, and no experimentation was performed on patients; therefore, no ethical permission was needed. Oral consent was obtained to use ticks and written consent to use anonymous data for scientific purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"229"}}