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Here, we describe a comprehensive nationwide field surveillance study conducted during July 2023 to map the distribution of the WNV and USUV competent vectors: <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> biotype <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> biotype <jats:italic>molestus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Culex torrentium<\/jats:italic>, across England and Wales.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mosquitoes were sampled for 3 trap nights (3TN) at 200 sites in rural, urban and suburban settings, selected using a lattice plus close pairs surveillance design. Field-caught samples were analysed using morphological and molecular approaches.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 2157 adult mosquitoes of the <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> genus were collected. <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> biotype <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic> dominated the resident <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> populations, comprising 1478 (95.8%) out of 1543 mosquitoes with confirmed molecular species identity. <jats:italic>Culex torrentium<\/jats:italic> were present in much lower numbers, with only 38 (2.5%) identified mostly and in the central and southwestern regions. Only five of the biotype <jats:italic>molestus<\/jats:italic> (0.3%) were identified in this study; however these were found in localities outside of London and in a rural location, with the biotype previously having been associated with human-made habitats. This study also found that hybrids of the <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>molestus<\/jats:italic> biotypes are more widespread than previously recorded. In total, 22 hybrids (1.4%) were identified from counties as far west as Cornwall and as far north as Suffolk.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Coupled with reviews of previous UK <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> sp. surveys, this study provides essential data for the vectorial component of risk modelling of WNV and USUV in the UK, furthering the country\u2019s preparedness for incursions of vector-borne diseases in the future.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06975-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:16:58Z","timestamp":1754486218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Spatial distribution of Culex mosquitoes across England and Wales, July 2023"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Widlake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roksana","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Pilgrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G. 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