{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:29:09Z","timestamp":1791300549298,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y T\u00e9cnica","award":["PICT-2021-CAT-I-00081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2021-CAT-I-00081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Residual spraying with pyrethroid insecticides is still the main strategy used to prevent vector-borne transmission of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. The emergence of resistance to these insecticides in triatomine populations associated with vector control failure highlights the need to evaluate alternative tools, such as xenointoxication. Chickens serve as important blood meal sources and are positively associated with triatomine abundance. Therefore, several endectocides have been tested in chickens, with fluralaner exhibiting the best results. However, the effect of treating chickens with fluralaner has not been evaluated in pyrethroid-resistant triatomines. Here, we aimed to assess the efficacy and duration of the lethal effect of fluralaner on pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible <jats:italic>Triatoma infestans<\/jats:italic> using chickens as treated hosts under semi-experimental conditions with a treated\u2013control design.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Three chickens received two oral doses of Bravecto<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (fluralaner, MSD Animal Health) at 0.5\u00a0mg\/kg, whereas three other chickens were assigned to the control group, which received only semolina. Third- to fifth-instar nymphs, both susceptible and resistant to pyrethroid insecticides, were exposed to the chickens at five specific times: 0 (pre-treatment), 3, 7, 14, and 28\u00a0days post-treatment (DPT). We recorded the degree of triatomine engorgement and assessed feeding success and survival after each exposure. The data were analyzed via logistic regressions and Kaplan\u2012Meier curves.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Feeding success rates were high, ranging from 95.5% to 100% throughout the trial, and were not affected by treatment or exposure time. The greatest lethal effects of fluralaner on triatomines exposed to treated chickens were observed up to 14 DPT, with cumulative mortality ranging from 76.9% to 87.0%. At 28 DPT, triatomine mortality decreased significantly to 12.8%, similar to the control group means (&lt;\u200917.9%) and pre-treatment levels (6.8%). No difference in the lethality of fluralaner was detected between susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant triatomines via logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>On the basis of these and previous results, chickens are eligible for a field study that addresses the efficacy of simultaneous xenointoxication of various hosts using fluralaner. This approach provides a promising alternative for addressing the challenge of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in triatomines.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07009-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T15:45:13Z","timestamp":1758728713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Treatment of chickens with fluralaner induced mortality in pyrethroid-resistant Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Triatominae)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mateo","family":"Rocha-Baz\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Alvedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Ca\u00f1\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delfina","family":"Trezza-Neumayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Viviana","family":"Vassena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Sol","family":"Gaspe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Victoria","family":"Cardinal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"7009_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030. Geneva: WHO; 2020. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240010352. Accessed 6 May 2025."},{"key":"7009_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.05.014","volume":"149","author":"G Mougabure-Cueto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mougabure-Cueto G, Picollo MI. Insecticide resistance in vector Chagas disease: evolution, mechanisms and management. Acta Trop. 2015;149:70\u201385.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7009_CR3","first-page":"1290","volume":"61","author":"Y Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian Y, Durden C, Hamer GL. A scoping review of triatomine control for Chagas disease prevention: current and developing tools in Latin America and the United States. J Med Entomol. 2024;61:1290\u2013308.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7009_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2278-2","volume":"10","author":"A Loza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loza A, Talaga A, Herbas G, Canaviri RJ, Cahuasiri T, Luck L, et al. Systemic insecticide treatment of the canine reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi induces high levels of lethality in Triatoma infestans, a principal vector of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2278-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7009_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.03.005","volume":"268","author":"MA Lai\u00f1o","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lai\u00f1o MA, Cardinal MV, Enriquez GF, Alvedro A, Gaspe MS, G\u00fcrtler RE. An oral dose of fluralaner administered to dogs kills pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible Chagas disease vectors for at least four months. Vet Parasitol. 2019;268:98\u2013104.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7009_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12561","volume":"36","author":"MA Lai\u00f1o","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lai\u00f1o MA, Cardinal MV, Gaspe MS, Enriquez GF, Alvedro A, Macchiaverna NP, et al. Control of pyrethroid-resistant populations of Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, by treating dogs with fluralaner in the Argentine Chaco. Med Vet Entomol. 2022;36:149\u201358.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"7009_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05343-2","volume":"15","author":"RE G\u00fcrtler","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00fcrtler RE, Lai\u00f1o MA, Alvedro A, Enriquez GF, Macchiaverna NP, Gaspe MS, et al. Treatment of dogs with fluralaner reduced pyrethroid-resistant Triatoma infestans abundance, Trypanosoma cruzi infection, and human-triatome contact in the Argentine Chaco. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05343-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7009_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05805-1","volume":"16","author":"C Durden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Durden C, Tian Y, Knape K, Klemashevich C, Norman KN, Carey JB, et al. Fluralaner systemic treatment of chickens results in mortality in Triatoma gerstaeckeri, vector of the agent of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-023-05805-1.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7009_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06276-8","volume":"17","author":"LC Pereira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pereira LC, Pereira NDS, Barbosa da Silva AN, Bezerra CDF, Sousa KMD, Fagundes Neto JC, et al. Insecticidal activity of fluralaner (Exzolt\u00ae) administered to Gallus gallus domesticus against triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Parasit Vectors. 2024;17:208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06276-8.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7009_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12070","volume":"49","author":"MD Germano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Germano MD, Santo Orihuela P, Roca Acevedo G, Toloza AC, Vassena CV, Picollo MI, et al. Scientific evidence of three different insecticide-resistant profiles in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) populations from Argentina and Bolivia. J Med Entomol. 2012;49:1355\u201360.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7009_CR11","unstructured":"Guerrero-Legarreta I, Corrales-Hern\u00e1ndez A, Mota-Rojas D, Medina M, Mora Medina P. 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Int J Parasitol. 2009;39:1021\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07009-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07009-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07009-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T15:45:16Z","timestamp":1758728716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07009-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07009-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study complied with guidelines on research and biological testing activities involving live vertebrate animals issued by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires, which is based on the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research. The research program was approved under Protocol Number115c.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors of this manuscript have read and agreed with the content within it. The contents of this article are original, and the authors consent to the BioMed Central Copyright and License Agreement.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"384"}}