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As the house fly gut microbiota is complex with different functions, the role of many gut microbiota in the host remains unknown. The differential oxygen content in the midgut and hindgut of house fly intestines creates distinct gut microenvironments, resulting in variations in the composition of gut microbiota. Research on the distribution of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in different parts of the intestine\u2014and how they interact with each other\u2014is helpful for exploring the interaction between intestinal bacteria and the host in aerobic and anaerobic states. However, there have been no mechanistic studies on the interactions of gut bacteria in different oxygen microenvironments within the house fly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, aerobic\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacter hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      EhX and facultative anaerobic\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      EhY were isolated from the guts of house fly larvae. The specific phages, EhXP and EhYP, were isolated against these two bacteria, with phage EhXP and EhYP specifically targeting EhX and EhY, respectively. Furthermore, the role of the aerobic\u2013anaerobic interaction in\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      during larval development was investigated using phage and bacterial feeding experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed that the addition of aerobic\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      EhX or facultative anaerobic\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      EhY alone to the diet promoted larval growth and phenoloxidase activity. However, in the phage-treated groups, the opposite effect was observed. In contrast, EhY was the dominant bacteria in larval hindgut. Conversely, EhX was the main bacteria in the midgut of larvae. Aerobic\/facultative anaerobic gut bacteria competed and cooperated to maintain a stable composition of larval gut microbiota, forming a negative correlational \u201cpedal effect\u201d promoting larval development. Through high-throughput sequencing it was demonstrated that the abundance of beneficial bacteria increased in the bacteria treatment group. The number of harmful bacteria increased in the phage treatment group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results revealed the crucial role of aerobic and facultative anaerobic\n                      <jats:italic>E. hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the house fly. These results highlight the potential of future applications of multiple phages for the study of insect intestinal flora.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07013-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:45:07Z","timestamp":1764999907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pedal effect: aerobic and facultative anaerobic Enterobacter hormaechei maintain the homeostasis of the house fly gut microbiota under different oxygen conditions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kexin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yansong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"7013_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12771","volume":"23","author":"KL Coon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coon KL, Vogel KJ, Brown MR, Strand MR. 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