{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:32:24Z","timestamp":1784806344207,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023561","name":"Ministerio de Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU21\/01317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU21\/01317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SYNTHESYS Program, European Union","award":["DE-TAF-8223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-TAF-8223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Acanthocephalans of the genus <jats:italic>Bolbosoma<\/jats:italic> Porta, 1908 are trophically transmitted parasites that infect marine mammals (mostly cetaceans and less frequently pinnipeds) worldwide. There are 12 species currently considered as valid; however, most records lack information on the maturity stage of the specimens. This, coupled with the scarce phylogenetic information available, hinders a correct understanding of their patterns of host specificity, evolutionary history, and taxonomy. A particularly intriguing case is that of <jats:italic>Bolbosoma vasculosum<\/jats:italic> (Rudolphi, 1819), which has been frequently reported in odontocetes but rarely as an adult, having been suggested to be synonymous with <jats:italic>Bolbosoma capitatum<\/jats:italic> (von Linstow, 1880).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We used a comprehensive approach to investigate the concept of <jats:italic>Bolbosoma<\/jats:italic>. First, we conducted a bibliographic review of records of <jats:italic>Bolbosoma<\/jats:italic> spp. to clarify which are the final hosts for each species. We paid particular attention to <jats:italic>B. vasculosum<\/jats:italic>, using morphological and molecular analyses to compare it with <jats:italic>B. capitatum<\/jats:italic>. Second, we characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of <jats:italic>Bolbosoma balaenae<\/jats:italic> (Gmelin, 1790), <jats:italic>Bolbosoma turbinella<\/jats:italic> (Diesing, 1851), <jats:italic>B. capitatum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>B. vasculosum<\/jats:italic>. Then, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of <jats:italic>Bolbosoma<\/jats:italic> spp. and related taxa using full mitochondrial genomes (or only <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic> when full mitogenomes were unavailable) and nuclear ribosomal genes (18S and 28S).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Bolbosoma<\/jats:italic> spp. exhibit high specificity for cetaceans, with no confirmed records of adult specimens in other host groups. Within this genus, <jats:italic>B. vasculosum<\/jats:italic> appears to be conspecific with <jats:italic>B. capitatum<\/jats:italic> based on both morphological and molecular evidence. This species shows high affinity to odontocetes, while the remaining species are specific to mysticetes. Phylogenetic analyses showed strong support for the monophyly of <jats:italic>Bolbosoma<\/jats:italic> spp., which appeared as sister taxa to <jats:italic>Corynosoma<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Andracantha<\/jats:italic> spp.. The resulting topology aligns with the patterns of specificity indicated by host records, revealing two distinct clades for species specific to odontocetes and mysticetes, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The phylogenetic relationships obtained support the hypothesis that the association of <jats:italic>Bolbosoma<\/jats:italic> spp. with cetaceans originated through a host-switching event from aquatic birds.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07015-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T15:55:46Z","timestamp":1758729346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Revisiting the genus Bolbosoma Porta, 1908 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae): host specificity, phylogeny, and species synonymization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alicia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gallego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Aznar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas S.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Orts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Briscoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Loizaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Timothy J.","family":"Littlewood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Fraija-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"7015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2013.031","volume":"60","author":"OM Amin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amin OM. Classification of the Acanthocephala. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2013;60:273\u2013305.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)."},{"key":"7015_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00700770","volume":"74","author":"G Costa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Costa G, Chubb JC, Veltkamp CJ. Cystacanths of Bolbosoma vasculosum in the black scabbard fish Aphanopus carbo, oceanic horse mackerel Trachurus picturatus and common dolphin Delphinus delphis from Madeira. Portugal J Helminthol. 2000;74:113\u201320.","journal-title":"Portugal. J Helminthol."},{"key":"7015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02457","volume":"99","author":"M Gregori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gregori M, Aznar FJ, Abollo E, Roura \u00c1, Gonz\u00e1lez \u00c1F, Pascual S. Nyctiphanes couchii as intermediate host for the acanthocephalan Bolbosoma balaenae in temperate waters of the NE Atlantic. Dis Aquat Organ. 2012;99:37\u201347.","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ."},{"key":"7015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541902","volume-title":"Ecology of the Acanthocephala","author":"CR Kennedy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kennedy CR. Ecology of the Acanthocephala. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 211."},{"key":"7015_CR5","first-page":"29","volume":"1","author":"N Fraija-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fraija-Fern\u00e1ndez N, Fern\u00e1ndez M, Raga JA, Aznar FJ. Helminth diversity of cetaceans: an update. Adv Mar Biol. 2016;1:29\u2013100.","journal-title":"Adv Mar Biol"},{"key":"7015_CR6","unstructured":"Kihara M. Studies on the Acanthocephala (V). An Acanthocephala of Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen of northern ocean. Proc Jpn Parasitol Soc East Jpn Sect. 1959;19: 30 [In Japanese]."},{"key":"7015_CR7","first-page":"116","volume":"2","author":"PQ Wang","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wang PQ. Notes on the Acanthocephala from Fugian. II Acta Zootaxonomica Sin. 1980;2:116\u201323.","journal-title":"II. Acta Zootaxonomica Sin."},{"key":"7015_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2971","volume":"7","author":"JL Rivera-Parra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rivera-Parra JL, Levin II, Johnson KP, Parker PG. Host sympatry and body size influence parasite straggling rate in a highly connected multihost, multiparasite system. Ecol Evol. 2017;7:3724\u201331.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"7015_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183809","volume":"12","author":"JS Hern\u00e1ndez-Orts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Orts JS, Brand\u00e3o M, Georgieva S, Raga JA, Crespo EA, Luque JL, et al. From mammals back to birds: Host-switch of the acanthocephalan Corynosoma australe from pinnipeds to the Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0183809.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7015_CR10","first-page":"338","volume":"169","author":"MD Dailey","year":"1975","unstructured":"Dailey MD. The distribution and intraspecific variation of helminth parasites in pinnipeds. Rapp Proces-Verbaux Reun Cons Int Pour Explor Mer. 1975;169:338\u201352.","journal-title":"Rapp Proces-Verbaux Reun Cons Int Pour Explor Mer."},{"key":"7015_CR11","first-page":"278","volume":"6","author":"AI Krotov","year":"1952","unstructured":"Krotov AI, Delyamure SL. On the helminth fauna of mammals and birds of the SSSR. Tr Gelmintologicheskoi Lab Akad Nauk SSSR. 1952;6:278\u201392.","journal-title":"Tr Gelmintologicheskoi Lab Akad Nauk SSSR."},{"key":"7015_CR12","unstructured":"Shults LM. Helminth parasites of the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, in Alaska. In: Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 1986. p. 194\u20137."},{"key":"7015_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzmina TA, Lisitsyna OI, Lyons ET, Spraker TR, Tolliver SC. Acanthocephalans in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) on St. Paul Island, Alaska: species, prevalence, and biodiversity in four fur seal subpopulations. Parasitol Res. 2012;11:1049\u201358.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2930-x"},{"key":"7015_CR14","unstructured":"Yurakhno MV, Loboda AP, Stryukov AA, Solov\u2019ov VV. About validity of species Bolbosoma bobrovi (Acanthocephala, Polymorphidae). Vestn Zool Suppl. 2005;19:371\u2013373 [In Russian]."},{"key":"7015_CR15","first-page":"268","volume":"12","author":"A Porta","year":"1908","unstructured":"Porta A. Gli Acantocefali dei mammiferi. Nota preventiva Arch Parasitol Paris. 1908;12:268\u201382.","journal-title":"Nota preventiva. Arch Parasitol Paris."},{"key":"7015_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-105R","volume":"90","author":"M Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez M, Aznar FJ, Montero FE, Georgiev BB, Raga JA. Gastrointestinal helminths of Cuvier\u2019s beaked whales, Ziphius cavirostris, from the western Mediterranean. J Parasitol. 2004;90:418\u201320.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7015_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272353","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1272353","volume":"10","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Gallego","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Gallego A, Raga JA, Fraija-Fern\u00e1ndez N, Aznar FJ. Temporal and geographical changes in the intestinal helminth fauna of striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, in the western Mediterranean: a long-term analysis (1982\u20132016). Front Mar Sci. 2023;10:1272353.","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"7015_CR18","unstructured":"Van Cleave HJ. Acanthocephala of North American mammals. Ill Biol Monogr. 1953;23(1\/2)."},{"key":"7015_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halajian A, Smales L, Heckmann R, Amakali AM, Tjipute M, Wilhelm MR, et al. Corynosoma australe and Bolbosoma vasculosum (Polymorphidae: Acanthocephala) from Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Otariidae) and Argyrosomus spp. (Sciaenidae) from the Namibian Coast of Africa. Comp Parasitol. 2020;87:127\u201334.","DOI":"10.1654\/1525-2647-87.1.127"},{"key":"7015_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080612","volume":"9","author":"G Terracciano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Terracciano G, Fichi G, Comentale A, Ricci E, Mancusi C, Perrucci S. Dolphins stranded along the Tuscan coastline (central Italy) of the \u201cPelagos Sanctuary\u201d: a parasitological investigation. Pathogens. 2020;9:612.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7015_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Varela M, P\u00e9rez-Ponce de Le\u00f3n G, Aznar FJ, Nadler SA. Phylogenetic relationship among genera of Polymorphidae (Acanthocephala), inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2013;68:176\u201384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2013.03.029"},{"key":"7015_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-523R.1","volume":"91","author":"M Garc\u00eda-Varela","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Varela M, Nadler SA. Phylogenetic relationships of Palaeacanthocephala (Acanthocephala) inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA gene sequences. J Parasitol. 2005;91:1401\u20139.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7015_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X22000955","volume":"97","author":"M Garc\u00eda-Varela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Varela M, Hern\u00e1ndez-Orts JS, L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda MT. Molecular and morphological characterization of Andracantha gravida (Alegret, 1941) (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in piscivorous birds from the Gulf of Mexico. J Helminthol. 2023;97:e31.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"7015_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102616","volume":"91","author":"JS Hern\u00e1ndez-Orts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Orts JS, Lisitsyna OI, Kuzmina TA. First morphological and molecular characterization of cystacanths of Corynosoma evae Zdzitowiecki, 1984 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from Antarctic teleost fishes. Parasitol Int. 2022;91:102616.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"7015_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisitsyna O, Bar\u010d\u00e1k D, Orosov\u00e1 M, Fan CK, Oros M. Acanthocephalans of marine and freshwater fishes from Taiwan with description of a new species. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2023;70.","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2023.021"},{"key":"7015_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X17001067","volume":"92","author":"B Presswell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Presswell B, Garc\u00eda-Varela M, Smales LR. Morphological and molecular characterization of two new species of Andracantha (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from New Zealand shags (Phalacrocoracidae) and penguins (Spheniscidae) with a key to the species. J Helminthol. 2018;92:740\u201351.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"7015_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2022.06.003","volume":"18","author":"SS Ru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ru SS, Yang RJ, Chen HX, Kuzmina TA, Spraker TR, Li L. Morphology, molecular characterization and phylogeny of Bolbosoma nipponicum Yamaguti, 1939 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), a potential zoonotic parasite of human acanthocephaliasis. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2022;18:212\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"7015_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021000925","volume":"148","author":"M Santoro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santoro M, Palomba M, Gili C, Marcer F, Marchiori E, Mattiucci S. Molecular and morphological characterization of Bolbosoma balaenae (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), a neglected intestinal parasite of the fin whale Balaenoptera physalus. Parasitology. 2021;148:1293\u2013302.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7015_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/zsc.12160","volume":"45","author":"M Gazi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gazi M, Kim J, Garc\u00eda-Varela M, Park C, Littlewood DTJ, Park JK. Mitogenomic phylogeny of Acanthocephala reveals novel class relationships. Zool Scr. 2016;45:437\u201354.","journal-title":"Zool Scr."},{"key":"7015_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182023001099","volume":"151","author":"DX Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li DX, Yang RJ, Chen HX, Kuzmina TA, Spraker TR, Li L. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of the zoonotic parasites Bolbosoma nipponicum and Corynosoma villosum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphida) and the molecular phylogeny of the order Polymorphida. Parasitology. 2024;151:45\u201357.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7015_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2013.021","volume":"60","author":"TS Pan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pan TS, Nie P. The complete mitochondrial genome of Pallisentis celatus (Acanthocephala) with phylogenetic analysis of acanthocephalans and rotifers. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2013;60:181.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)."},{"key":"7015_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2012.09.017","volume":"66","author":"M Weber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weber M, Wey-Fabrizius AR, Podsiadlowski L, Witek A, Schill RO, Sug\u00e1r L, et al. Phylogenetic analyses of endoparasitic Acanthocephala based on mitochondrial genomes suggest secondary loss of sensory organs. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2013;66:182\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"7015_CR33","unstructured":"Delyamure SL. Helminthofauna of marine mammals (Ecology and Phylogeny). Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moscow, Russia. Translated from Russian by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1968; 1955."},{"key":"7015_CR34","unstructured":"Meyer A. Acanthocephala. Pages 1\u2013582 in H. G. Bronn, ed. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier- Reichs. Akademishche Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig [In German]; 1932. 1\u2013582 p."},{"key":"7015_CR35","unstructured":"Petrochenko VI. Acanthocephala of domestic and wild animals. Vol. 1. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moscow, Russia. Translated from Russian by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1971; 1958."},{"key":"7015_CR36","unstructured":"Yamaguti S. Systema Helminthum. Vol. V. Acanthocephala. New York & London: Interscience Publishers, Inc.; 1963."},{"key":"7015_CR37","unstructured":"WoRMS Editorial Board. World Register of Marine Species. Available from https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org at VLIZ. Accessed 2025\u201301\u201304 [Internet]."},{"key":"7015_CR38","unstructured":"Amin OM, Margolis L. Redescription of Bolbosoma capitatum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from false killer whale off Vancouver Island, with taxonomic reconsideration of the species and synonymy of B. physeteris. J-Helminthol Soc Wash. 1998;65:179\u201388."},{"key":"7015_CR39","first-page":"36","volume":"11","author":"MD Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abr\u00e0moff MD, Magalh\u00e3es PJ, Ram SJ. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics Int. 2004;11:36\u201342.","journal-title":"Biophotonics Int."},{"key":"7015_CR40","first-page":"7","volume":"14","author":"HI Zur","year":"1935","unstructured":"Zur HI, von Japan A. Mem Fac Sci Agric Taihoku Imp Univ Formosa Jpn. 1935;14:7\u201323.","journal-title":"Mem Fac Sci Agric Taihoku Imp Univ Formosa Jpn."},{"key":"7015_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","volume":"19","author":"A Bankevich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich AA, Dvorkin M, Kulikov AS, et al. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol. 2012;19:455\u201377.","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"7015_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2012.08.023","volume":"69","author":"M Bernt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bernt M, Donath A, J\u00fchling F, Externbrink F, Florentz C, Fritzsch G, et al. MITOS: Improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2013;69:313\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"7015_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm573","volume":"24","author":"D Laslett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laslett D, Canb\u00e4ck B. ARWEN: a program to detect tRNA genes in metazoan mitochondrial nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics. 2008;24:172\u20135.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"7015_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm160","volume":"35","author":"K Lagesen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lagesen K, Hallin P, R\u00f8dland EA, St\u00e6rfeldt HH, Rognes T, Ussery DW. RNAmmer: consistent and rapid annotation of ribosomal RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:3100\u20138.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"7015_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","volume":"34","author":"J Rozas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rozas J, Ferrer-Mata A, S\u00e1nchez-DelBarrio JC, Guirao-Rico S, Librado P, Ramos-Onsins SE, et al. DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Mol Biol Evol. 2017;34:3299\u2013302.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7015_CR46","first-page":"294","volume":"3","author":"O Folmer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotech. 1994;3:294\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Mar Biol Biotech"},{"key":"7015_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108256","volume":"305","author":"M Sasaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sasaki M, Katahira H, Kobayashi M, Kuramochi T, Matsubara H, Nakao M. Infection status of commercial fish with cystacanth larvae of the genus Corynosoma (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in Hokkaido. Japan Int J Food Microbiol. 2019;305:108256.","journal-title":"Japan. Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"7015_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482268218","volume-title":"Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes","author":"DTJ Littlewood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Littlewood DTJ, Olson PD. Small subunit rDNA and the Platyhelminthes: signal, noise, conflict and compromise. In: Littlewood DTJ, Bray RA, editors. Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. Taylor & Francis; 2014. p. 262\u201378."},{"key":"7015_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215:403\u201310.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"7015_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404206101","volume":"101","author":"K Tamura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004;101:11030\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"7015_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","volume":"38","author":"K Tamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol. 2021;38:3022\u20137.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7015_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","volume":"30","author":"K Katoh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K, Miyata T. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30:3059\u201366.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"7015_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334","volume":"17","author":"J Castresana","year":"2000","unstructured":"Castresana J. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol Biol Evol. 2000;17:540\u201352.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7015_CR54","unstructured":"Nylander JAA. MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Vol. 2, Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University. 2004. p. 1\u20132."},{"key":"7015_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, H\u00f6hna S, et al. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol. 2012;61(3):539\u201342.","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029"},{"key":"7015_CR56","unstructured":"Zwickl DJ. Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion [PhD Thesis]. University of Texas; 2006."},{"key":"7015_CR57","first-page":"1140","volume":"60","author":"LM Kovalenko","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kovalenko LM. Acanthocephalans of some fish in the tropical zone of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 1981;60:1140\u20134","journal-title":"Zool Zhurnal"},{"key":"7015_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.12782\/specdiv.29.317","volume":"29","author":"Y Kita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kita Y, Waki T, Kajihara H. Cystacanths of Bolbosoma (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from six species of marine fish around Japan, with molecular information. Species Divers. 2024;29:317\u201325.","journal-title":"Species Divers."},{"key":"7015_CR59","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Bowhead Whale","author":"J Gatesy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gatesy J, McGowen MR. Higher level phylogeny of baleen whales. In: George JC, Thewissen JGM, editors. The Bowhead Whale. Academic Press; 2021. p. 3\u201310."},{"key":"7015_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-71082001000100008","volume":"61","author":"ALV Andrade","year":"2001","unstructured":"Andrade ALV, Pinedo MC, Barreto AS. Gastrointestinal parasites and prey items from a mass stranding of false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, in Rio Grande do Sul. Southern Brazil Rev Bras Biol. 2001;61:55\u201361.","journal-title":"Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Biol."},{"key":"7015_CR61","first-page":"171","volume":"78","author":"DK Odell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Odell DK, Asper ED, Cornell LH. A recurrent mass stranding of the false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens. Florida Fish Bull. 1980;78:171\u20137.","journal-title":"Florida. Fish Bull."},{"key":"7015_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5597\/lajam00062","volume":"3","author":"RM Pinto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pinto RM, Muniz-Pereira LC, Alves VC, Siciliano S. First report of a helminth infection for Bryde\u2019s whale Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 (Cetacea, Balaenopteridae). Lat Am J Aquat Mamm. 2004;3:167\u201370.","journal-title":"Lat Am J Aquat Mamm"},{"key":"7015_CR63","unstructured":"Williams EH, Bunkley-Williams L. Parasites of offshore big game fishes of Puerto Rico and the western Atlantic. [University of Puerto Rico]; 1996."},{"key":"7015_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahuir-Baraja AE. Parasites of the ocean sunfishes. In: The ocean sunfishes. CRC Press; 2020. p. 160\u201385.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429343360-10"},{"key":"7015_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000078","volume":"139","author":"JS Hernandez-Orts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hernandez-Orts JS, Timi JT, Raga JA, Garc\u00eda-Varela M, Crespo EA, Aznar FJ. Patterns of trunk spine growth in two congeneric species of acanthocephalan: investment in attachment may differ between sexes and species. Parasitology. 2012;139:945\u201355.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7015_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-715R.1","volume":"92","author":"FJ Aznar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aznar FJ, P\u00e9rez-Ponce de Le\u00f3n G, Raga JA. Status of Corynosoma (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) based on anatomical, ecological, and phylogenetic evidence, with the erection of Pseudocorynosoman. gen. J Parasitol. 2006;92:548\u201364.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7015_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2307\/3279453","volume":"61","author":"GD Schmidt","year":"1975","unstructured":"Schmidt GD. Andracantha, a new genus of Acanthocephala (Polymorphidae) from fish-eating birds, with descriptions of three species. J Parasitol. 1975;61:615\u201320.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7015_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-010-0022-6","volume":"55","author":"Z Laskowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laskowski Z, Je\u017cewski W, Zdzitowiecki K. New data on the occurrence of Acanthocephala in Antarctic Amphipoda. Acta Parasitol. 2010;55:161\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"7015_CR69","first-page":"205","volume":"22","author":"K Zdzitowiecki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zdzitowiecki K, Presler P. Occurrence of Acanthocephala in intermediate hosts, Amphipoda, in Admiralty Bay, South Shetland Islands. Antarctica Pol Polar Res. 2001;22:205\u201312.","journal-title":"Antarctica. Pol Polar Res."},{"key":"7015_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1538.1","volume":"95","author":"M Garc\u00eda-Varela","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Varela M, de Le\u00f3n GPP, Aznar FJ, Nadler SA. Systematic position of Pseudocorynosoma and Andracantha (Acanthocephala, Polymorphidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. J Parasitol. 2009;95:178\u201385.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7015_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3274052","volume":"39","author":"HJ Van Cleave","year":"1953","unstructured":"Van Cleave HJ. A preliminary analysis of the acanthocephalan genus Corynosoma in mammals of North America. J Parasitol. 1953;39:1\u201313.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07015-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07015-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07015-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T17:04:27Z","timestamp":1758733467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07015-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07015-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All applicable institutional, national, and international guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Permission to collect stranded animals was given by the wildlife services of the regional governments, which are the official institutions in charge of managing and protecting wildlife. Sampling of specimens from Argentina was carried out under permits from the Direcci\u00f3n de Fauna y Flora Silvestre (Disposici\u00f3n\u00a0no.\u00a0125\/2024-DFyFS) and Secretar\u00eda de Turismo (Disposici\u00f3n\u00a0no.\u00a067\/2024-SsCyAP), Chubut.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"392"}}