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In addition, it conducted molecular characterization of\n                      <jats:italic>18S<\/jats:italic>\n                      rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene fragments of larvae\u00a0found at necropsies. Fecal samples from free-ranging coyotes were molecularly examined for\n                      <jats:italic>S. lupi<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>18S<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 39 coyote cases, 33 (84. 6%) presented\n                      <jats:italic>S. lupi<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated lesions. A significant association was observed between the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Spirocerca<\/jats:italic>\n                      nematodes and the development of esophageal granulomas and aortic aneurysms. In addition, an atypical case of spinal cord invasion was documented, representing the first reported occurrence of this condition in coyotes. Out of all fecal samples tested, 4.6% were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>S. lupi<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The obtained\n                      <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequence revealed a complete similarity to\n                      <jats:italic>S. lupi<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from the Andean fox\n                      <jats:italic>Lycalopex culpaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                      from Peru, suggesting its transmission between wild canid populations. These findings indicate that coyotes play a significant role in\n                      <jats:italic>S. lupi<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission dynamics and highlight the need for further research on the ecological interactions between domestic and wild canids in Costa Rica.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07030-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T13:10:13Z","timestamp":1761570613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retrospective study of spirocercosis in coyotes (Canis latrans) in Costa Rica: epidemiology, pathological findings, and molecular characterization of Spirocerca lupi"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6498-2061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. 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