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Chemical acaricides are controversial because they pollute the environment and predispose ticks to resistance. In contrast, plant essential oils (EOs) are favored for their effective acaricide properties and environmental friendliness.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\nThe constituents of <jats:italic>Origanum onites<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ocimum gratissimum<\/jats:italic> EOs were profiled using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry\n(GC-MS). Acaricidal activities were evaluated by immersing unfed nymphs and adults of <jats:italic>H. doenitzi<\/jats:italic> in serial solutions for 5 min and\nmonitoring mortality after 24 h. Enzyme activities (Na\u207a\/K\u207a-ATPase, GST, CarE, AChE) and transcript levels of HDABCE1, HDCYP450a\nand HD-GSTa were quantified in homogenates of treated survivors. Homology models of the three target proteins were\ngenerated and docked with carvacrol and eugenol to predict binding sites and affinities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>GC\u2013MS analysis showed 93.3% of carvacrol in <jats:italic>O. onites<\/jats:italic> EO and 66.68% of eugenol in <jats:italic>O. gratissimum<\/jats:italic> EO. Immersion test showed that <jats:italic>O. onites<\/jats:italic> EO had significant acaricidal activity against nymphs and adults, with median lethal concentration (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) values of 14.694\u00a0mg\/ml and 24.357\u00a0mg\/ml, respectively. <jats:italic>Ocimum gratissimum<\/jats:italic> EO showed significant acaricidal activity against nymphs and adults, with LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 9.379\u00a0mg\/ml and 18.299\u00a0mg\/ml, respectively. Carvacrol also showed significant acaricidal activity against unfed nymphs and adults. Repellency tests showed that <jats:italic>O. onites<\/jats:italic> EO had more significant repellent activity against nymphs than DEET, with median effective concentration (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) values of 2.162\u00a0mg\/ml and 7.039\u00a0mg\/ml, respectively. To explore the molecular mechanisms of <jats:italic>O. onites<\/jats:italic> EO and carvacrol on ticks, we investigated the enzyme activity and gene expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter, cytochrome P450, and glutathione S-transferase. Finally, molecular docking was used to verify the enzyme effects.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results of this study provide important insight into the toxicity mechanisms of ticks, and indicate that carvacrol and <jats:italic>O. onites<\/jats:italic> EO can be used as alternatives to chemically synthesized acaricides.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07031-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:57:44Z","timestamp":1759921064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acaricidal bioactivity and molecular target analysis of Origanum onites and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils against Haemaphysalis doenitzi ticks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6233-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0833-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1068-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feidi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijia","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"7031_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00901-6","volume":"21","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Gao L, Aksoy S. 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