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Leishmaniasis, which affects millions globally, is widespread in Bolivia, a country reporting some of the highest rates of cutaneous and mucocutaneous cases in Latin America. Chagas disease is endemic across the region, with an estimated 4.5 million individuals affected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Blood and serum samples were collected from 189 dogs living in rural communities near the cities of Camiri and Villa Montes. Samples were tested using serological assays and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Additionally, serum samples from 151 school-aged children from both areas were screened for anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      in dogs was significantly higher in Villa Montes (46%) compared with Camiri (26%). Moreover,\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was detected by qPCR in 9 out of 125 dogs tested (7.2%). Among children, 13.2% from Villa Montes tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies, while no positive cases were found in Camiri. Serological evidence of previous\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was identified in 17.7% of dogs, although all qPCR results for\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      were negative.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the relevance of a One Health approach, as dogs may serve as reservoirs for both parasites, potentially increasing the risk of human transmission. Integrated control measures \u2013 including vector management and ongoing surveillance \u2013 are essential to reduce transmission and protect public health. Future research should prioritise mapping infection patterns and exploring ecological factors influencing disease dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07044-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T18:46:27Z","timestamp":1764269187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neglected parasitic diseases from a one-health perspective: American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis in dogs and humans in the Bolivian Chaco"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"Macchioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habimael Castrillo","family":"Tarraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"De Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther Tapia","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Augello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Medina","family":"Ustarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel Mendoza","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Rojas","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cosmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Brianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7044_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/lds031","volume":"104","author":"MP Barrett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barrett MP, Croft SL. 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Verbal consent was received for each dog from the owner to participate in this study. The results of the laboratory analyses were shared with the owners of the dogs or the shelter managers. Human blood samples were collected within a program of soil-transmitted helminths monitoring in nine rural communities of the Bolivian Chaco, including the four communities described in the study area. The study was programmed and conducted in agreement with the Ministry of Health of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (within the Convenio Ministerio de Salud y Deportes, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia\/C\u00e1tedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Florencia, Italia) and with the support of the Guaran\u00ed political organization (Asamblea del Pueblo Guaran\u00ed). The study was approved by a local Ethics Committee (Colegio M\u00e9dico de Santa Cruz, TDEM CITE No. 028\/2017) and a written informed consent was obtained by a parent or a legal guardian of each enrolled child.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent to publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"514"}}