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This interaction results in subsequent invasion events, facilitated by the formation of a moving junction via AMA-1 and associated molecular complexes. Previous studies have implicated erythrocyte surface glycosaminoglycans, particularly heparan sulfate proteoglycans, as critical receptor components in this invasion process.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The binding affinity of the\n                      <jats:italic>Pb<\/jats:italic>\n                      GAC protein to heparin and erythrocytes was assessed through western blotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry techniques, and heparinase II treatment. Mice were immunized with the recombinant\n                      <jats:italic>Pb<\/jats:italic>\n                      GAC-His to generate specific polyclonal antibodies for subcellular localization, passive immunization, and immunoprecipitation. Global mass spectrometric analyses were conducted to identify its interacting proteins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We elucidated the molecular function of\n                      <jats:italic>Pb<\/jats:italic>\n                      GAC (encoded by\n                      <jats:italic>Pb<\/jats:italic>\n                      ANKA_1137800), a previously uncharacterized\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ANKA protein, in association with merozoite attachment and invasion via the heparan sulfate-dependent pathway. The\n                      <jats:italic>Pb<\/jats:italic>\n                      GAC protein, predominantly located at the extreme apical region of the\n                      <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      merozoite, binds to heparin and the erythrocyte surface during merozoite invasion. Global mass spectrometric analysis reveals that\n                      <jats:italic>Pb<\/jats:italic>\n                      GAC interacts with several secreted proteins that are critically involved in erythrocyte invasion. In addition, mice either immunized with the\n                      <jats:italic>Pb<\/jats:italic>\n                      GAC protein or passively immunized with sera derived from vaccinated mice demonstrated enhanced immunity against lethal challenges.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings pinpointed that\n                      <jats:italic>Pb<\/jats:italic>\n                      GAC is predominantly expressed at the extreme apical region of the\n                      <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      merozoite and engaged in binding to the heparin-like receptors on the erythrocyte surface during merozoite invasion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07067-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:07:36Z","timestamp":1761653256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Plasmodium berghei merozoite protein PbGAC is critically involved in erythrocyte binding during invasion"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Junying","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qijun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"7067_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz5057","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz5057","volume":"6","author":"O Llor\u00e0-Batlle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Llor\u00e0-Batlle O, Michel-Tod\u00f3 L, Witmer K, Toda H, Fern\u00e1ndez-Becerra C, Baum J, et\u00a0al. 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