{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T03:43:56Z","timestamp":1794109436596,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant Agency of the University of South Bohemia","award":["049\/2024\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["049\/2024\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grant Agency of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GACR 21-23773S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GACR 21-23773S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a globally prevalent parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract of a large number of vertebrates. The\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. lizard genotype is found almost exclusively in geckos but has also been detected in a corn snake. In this study, the biology and genetic variability of the lizard genotype were investigated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The genetic variability of the\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. lizard genotype was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing of the\n                      <jats:italic>SSU<\/jats:italic>\n                      rRNA, actin,\n                      <jats:italic>HSP70<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>COWP<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. Its biological characteristics, including oocyst size, tissue tropism and associated pathology, were investigated using light microscopy, electron microscopy and histological techniques. Experimental infections were performed to assess host specificity and infectivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phylogenetic analysis of the target genes confirmed that the\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. lizard genotype is genetically distinct from other\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Experimental infections showed that chickens, mice and corn snakes were not susceptible to this genotype, as no infection was detected. In contrast, leopard geckos began to excrete oocysts between 6 and 8\u00a0days post-infection, although they showed no clinical symptoms. Excretion of oocysts continued for over 200\u00a0days. Oocysts isolated from naturally infected leopard and smooth knob-tailed geckos were morphometrically identical to those from experimentally infected leopard geckos and measured 5.89\u2009\u00d7\u20094.79\u00a0\u03bcm. The parasite mainly colonised the stomach, where the highest intensity of infection was observed, but was also found throughout the intestine and in the lungs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Due to the distinct genetic differences, host range and tissue tropism, we propose the name\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium geckonae<\/jats:italic>\n                      n. sp. for this organism, which was previously referred to as\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. lizard genotype.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07068-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:27:30Z","timestamp":1761046050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cryptosporidium geckonae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in geckos"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Veronika","family":"Zikmundov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Holubov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Fenclov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohumil","family":"Sak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gomu\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kone\u010dn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kv\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7068_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0377-x","volume":"4","author":"JL Nader","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nader JL, Mathers TC, Ward BJ, Pachebat JA, Swain MT, Robinson G, et al. Evolutionary genomics of anthroponosis in Cryptosporidium. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4:826\u201336.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"7068_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05844-8","volume":"16","author":"L T\u016fmov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"T\u016fmov\u00e1 L, Je\u017ekov\u00e1 J, Prediger J, Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Kone\u010dn\u00fd R, et al. Cryptosporidium mortiferum n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae), the species causing lethal cryptosporidiosis in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:235.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7068_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.06.007","volume":"191","author":"N Holubov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1 L, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Hanzal V, Rajsk\u00fd D, et al. Host specificity and age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium avium infection in chickens, ducks and pheasants. Exp Parasitol. 2018;191:62\u20135.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200512","volume":"209","author":"IS Cohn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cohn IS, Henrickson SE, Striepen B, Hunter CA. Immunity to Cryptosporidium: lessons from acquired and primary immunodeficiencies. J Immunol. 2022;209:2261\u20138.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"7068_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.08.007","volume":"51","author":"UM Ryan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ryan UM, Feng Y, Fayer R, Xiao L. Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia\u2014a 50 year perspective (1971\u20132021). Int J Parasitol. 2021;51:1099\u2013119.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.03.003","volume":"32","author":"BL Stenger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stenger BL, Clark ME, Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Khan E, Giddings CW, Dyer NW, et al. Highly divergent 18S rRNA gene paralogs in a Cryptosporidium genotype from eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). Infect Genet Evol. 2015;32:113\u201323.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"7068_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"145","author":"BLS Stenger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stenger BLS, Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1 M, Clark ME, Kv\u00e1\u010d M, \u010condlov\u00e1 S, Khan E, et al. Cryptosporidium infecting wild cricetid rodents from the subfamilies Arvicolinae and Neotominae. Parasitology. 2017;145:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7068_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177150","volume":"12","author":"YA Helmy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Helmy YA, Krucken J, Abdelwhab EM, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Hafez HM. Molecular diagnosis and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in turkeys and chickens in Germany reveals evidence for previously undetected parasite species. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0177150.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7068_CR9","unstructured":"Pavl\u00e1sek I, L\u00e1viskov\u00e1 M, Hor\u00e1k P, Kr\u00e1l J, Kr\u00e1l B. Cryptosporidium varanii n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Emerald monitor (Varanus prasinus Schlegal, 1893) in captivity in Prague zoo. Gazella. 1995;22:99\u2013108, Zoo Praha."},{"key":"7068_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.2.891-899.2004","volume":"70","author":"L Xiao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiao L, Ryan UM, Graczyk TK, Limor J, Li L, Kombert M, et al. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:891\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"7068_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711403415","volume":"23","author":"B Richter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richter B, Nedorost N, Maderner A, Weissenb\u00f6ck H. Detection of species in feces or gastric contents from snakes and lizards as determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis and partial sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011;23:430\u20135.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"7068_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.003","volume":"160","author":"S Pedraza-Diaz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pedraza-Diaz S, Ortega-Mora LM, Carrion BA, Navarro V, Gomez-Bautista M. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates from pet reptiles. Vet Parasitol. 2009;160:204\u201310.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2012194437","volume":"19","author":"L Rinaldi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rinaldi L, Capasso M, Mihalca AD, Cirillo R, Cringoli G, Caccio S. Prevalence and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from pet lizards and snakes in Italy. Parasite. 2012;19:437\u201340.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"7068_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.002","volume":"175","author":"MJ Kik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kik MJ, van Asten AJ, Lenstra JA, Kirpensteijn J. Cloaca prolapse and cystitis in green iguana (Iguana iguana) caused by a novel Cryptosporidium species. Vet Parasitol. 2011;175:165\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.2307\/3280679","volume":"66","author":"ND Levine","year":"1980","unstructured":"Levine ND. Some corrections of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) nomenclature. J Parasitol. 1980;66:830\u20134.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.09.004","volume":"13","author":"AV Koehler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koehler AV, Scheelings TF, Gasser RB. Cryptosporidium cf. avium in an inland-bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)\u2014a case report and review of the literature. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2020;13:150\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"7068_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00197-2","volume":"32","author":"L Xiao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xiao L, Sulaiman IM, Ryan UM, Zhou L, Atwill ER, Tischler ML, et al. Host adaptation and host-parasite co-evolution in Cryptosporidium: implications for taxonomy and public health. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:1773\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR18","first-page":"50","volume":"32","author":"P Mil\u00e1\u010dek","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mil\u00e1\u010dek P, V\u00edtovec J. Differential staining of cryptosporidia by aniline-carbol-methyl violet and tartrazine in smears from feces and scrapings of intestinal mucosa. Folia Parasitol. 1985;32:50.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.031","volume":"143","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Ondr\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 Z, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Sak B, V\u00edtovec J. Infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni to a novel host, southern multimammate mouse (Mastomys coucha). Vet Parasitol. 2007;143:229\u201333.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05015.x","volume":"43","author":"MJ Arrowood","year":"1996","unstructured":"Arrowood MJ, Donaldson K. Improved purification methods for calf-derived Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using discontinuous sucrose and cesium chloride gradients. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1996;43:89S.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"7068_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548684","volume":"22","author":"SA Henriksen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Henriksen SA, Pohlenz JF. Staining of cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Acta Vet Scand. 1981;22:594\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"7068_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2307\/1590957","volume":"32","author":"DH Ley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ley DH, Levy MG, Hunter L, Corbett W, Barnes HJ. Cryptosporidia-positive rates of avian necropsy accessions determined by examination of auramine o-stained fecal smears. Avian Dis. 1988;32:108\u201313.","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"7068_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.01.043","volume":"153","author":"B Sak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sak B, Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Hanzl\u00edkov\u00e1 D, Cama V. First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection on a pig farm in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol. 2008;153:220\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.8.4446-4454.2005","volume":"71","author":"J Jiang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jiang J, Alderisio KA, Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:4446\u201354.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"7068_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1097-1101.2001","volume":"67","author":"L Xiao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xiao L, Singh A, Limor J, Graczyk TK, Gradus S, Lal A. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:1097\u2013101.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"7068_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0388:MPAERO]2.0.CO;2","volume":"88","author":"IM Sulaiman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sulaiman IM, Lal AA, Xiao LH. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites at the actin locus. J Parasitol. 2002;88:388\u201394.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4930-8","volume":"115","author":"JJ Chelladurai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chelladurai JJ, Clark ME, Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Holubov\u00e1 N, Khan E, Stenger BL, et al. Cryptosporidium galli and novel Cryptosporidium avian genotype VI in North American red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Parasitol Res. 2016;115:1901\u20136.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7068_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4324","volume":"90","author":"F Spano","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spano F, Putignani L, Guida S, Crisanti A. Cryptosporidium parvum: PCR-RFLP analysis of the TRAP-C1 (thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Cryptosporidium -1) gene discriminates between two alleles differentially associated with parasite isolates of animal and human origin. Exp Parasitol. 1998;90:195\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147090","volume":"11","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Havrdov\u00e1 N, Hlaskov\u00e1 L, Da\u0148kov\u00e1 T, Kand\u011bra J, Je\u017ekov\u00e1 J, et al. Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): molecular and biological evidence of cryptic species within gastric Cryptosporidium of mammals. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0147090.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7068_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0931-1793.2003.00701.x","volume":"50","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, V\u00edtovec J. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni in one herd of beef cattle. J Vet Med B. 2003;50:451\u20137.","journal-title":"J Vet Med B"},{"key":"7068_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2018.02.001","volume":"63","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Vlnat\u00e1 G, Je\u017ekov\u00e1 J, Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1 M, Kone\u010dn\u00fd R, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1 L, et al. Cryptosporidium occultus sp. n. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in rats. Eur J Protistol. 2018;63:96\u2013104.","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"key":"7068_CR32","unstructured":"Nordhausen K, Sirkia S, Oja H, Tyler D. CSNP: tools for Multivariate Nonparametrics. 2018. R package version 1.1\u20131. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ICSNP."},{"key":"7068_CR33","unstructured":"R Core Team: R. A language and environment for statistical computing. In: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria; 2019."},{"key":"7068_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.02.035","volume":"209","author":"N Abe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abe N, Matsubara K. Molecular identification of isolates from exotic pet animals in Japan. Vet Parasitol. 2015;209:254\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.23-0186","volume":"85","author":"T Ootawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ootawa T, Toda M, Takahashi H, Saruta T, Murakami Y, Iguchi Y, et al. Record of cryptosporidium serpentis from goniurosaurus kuroiwae sengokui (Reptilia, Squamata, Eublepharidae) in Tokashikijima, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2023;85:1142\u20135.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"7068_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2003)34[0069:PEILGE]2.0.CO;2","volume":"34","author":"SP Terrell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Terrell SP, Uhl EW, Funk RS. Proliferative enteritis in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) associated with Cryptosporidium sp. infection. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2003;34:69\u201375.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"7068_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1638\/2006-016.1","volume":"39","author":"C Deming","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deming C, Greiner E, Uhl EW. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and characteristics of oocyst shedding in a breeding colony of leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2008;39:600\u20137.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"7068_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.24.695","volume":"145","author":"MA Taylor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taylor MA, Geach MR, Cooley WA. Clinical and pathological observations on natural infections of cryptosporidiosis and flagellate protozoa in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Vet Rec. 1999;145:695\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"7068_CR39","first-page":"377","volume":"30","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR, Bostwick EF. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum treatment of moribund Leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) infected with Cryptosporidium sp. Vet Res. 1999;30:377\u201382.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"7068_CR40","volume":"21","author":"Y Takaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takaki Y, Takami Y, Watanabe T, Nakaya T, Murakoshi F. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from ill exotic pet animals in Japan including a new subtype in Cryptosporidium fayeri. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2020;21:100430.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"7068_CR41","first-page":"2345","volume":"77","author":"G Al-Abedi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Abedi G, Al-Eodawee E, Khalili S, Gharban H. First molecular genotyping of Cryptosporidium felis in cattle, Iraq. Arch Razi Inst. 2022;77:2345\u201352.","journal-title":"Arch Razi Inst"},{"key":"7068_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104120","volume":"78","author":"J Beser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beser J, Bujila I, Wittesjo B, Lebbad M. From mice to men: three cases of human infection with Cryptosporidium ditrichi. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;78:104120.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"7068_CR43","first-page":"002","volume":"2021","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, My\u0161kov\u00e1 E, Holubov\u00e1 N, Kellnerov\u00e1 K, Kicia M, Rajsk\u00fd D, et al. Occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, wolves, jackals, and bears in central Europe. Folia Parasitol. 2021;2021:002.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1086\/340841","volume":"185","author":"LH Xiao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xiao LH, Bern C, Arrowood M, Sulaiman I, Zhou L, Kawai V, et al. Identification of the Cryptosporidium pig genotype in a human patient. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:1846\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7068_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.7.2736-2738.1998","volume":"64","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"1998","unstructured":"Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Trout JM, Lewis EJ, Farley CA, Sulaiman I, et al. Giardia sp. cysts and infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the feces of migratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64:2736\u20138.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"7068_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.03.016","volume":"131","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Kest\u0159\u00e1nov\u00e1 M, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Kotkov\u00e1 M, Ortega Y, McEvoy J, et al. Cryptosporidium tyzzeri and Cryptosporidium muris originated from wild West-European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) and East-European house mice (Mus musculus musculus) are non-infectious for pigs. Exp Parasitol. 2012;131:107\u201310.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.005","volume":"191","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Kest\u0159\u00e1nov\u00e1 M, Pinkov\u00e1 M, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Kalinov\u00e1 J, Wagnerov\u00e1 P, et al. Cryptosporidium scrofarum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Vet Parasitol. 2013;191:218\u201327.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.05.010","volume":"40","author":"G Robinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robinson G, Wright S, Elwin K, Hadfield SJ, Katzer F, Bartley PM, et al. Re-description of Cryptosporidium cuniculus Inman and Takeuchi, 1979 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): morphology, biology and phylogeny. Int J Parasitol. 2010;40:1539\u201348.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4967-8","volume":"115","author":"N Holubov\u00e1","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1 M, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1 L, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Menchaca S, et al. Cryptosporidium avium n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:2243\u201351.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7068_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.011","volume":"164","author":"R Fayer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fayer R, Sant\u00edn M. Cryptosporidium xiaoi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in sheep (Ovis aries). Vet Parasitol. 2009;164:192\u2013200.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.112.6.116","volume":"112","author":"S Tzipori","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tzipori S, Smith M, Halpin C, Angus KW, Sherwood D, Campbell I. Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves - clinical manifestations and pathological findings. Vet Rec. 1983;112:116\u201320.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"7068_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2019.03.001","volume":"69","author":"N Holubov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holubov\u00e1 N, Zikmundov\u00e1 V, Limpouchov\u00e1 Z, Sak B, Kone\u010dn\u00fd R, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1 L, et al. Cryptosporidium proventriculi sp. n. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in Psittaciformes birds. Eur J Protistol. 2019;69:70\u201387.","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"key":"7068_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.01.033","volume":"153","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Sak B, Kveto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Ditrich O, Hofmannov\u00e1 L, Modr\u00fd D, et al. Infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics of mammalian gastric Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ruminants. Vet Parasitol. 2008;153:363\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04191-2","volume":"13","author":"N Holubov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holubov\u00e1 N, T\u016fmov\u00e1 L, Sak B, Hejzlerov\u00e1 A, Kone\u010dn\u00fd R, McEvoy J, et al. Description of Cryptosporidium ornithophilus sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) as a new species and diversity in farmed ostriches. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:340.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7068_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00016.x","volume":"47","author":"DS Lindsay","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lindsay DS, Upton SJ, Owens DS, Morgan UM, Mead JR, Blagburn BL. Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) from cattle, Bos taurus. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2000;47:91\u20135.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"7068_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-202R1","volume":"90","author":"UM Ryan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ryan UM, Monis P, Enemark HL, Sulaiman I, Samarasinghe B, Read C, et al. Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (apicomplexa\u202f: cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa). J Parasitol. 2004;90:769\u201373.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2006.00950.x","volume":"53","author":"J V\u00edtovec","year":"2006","unstructured":"V\u00edtovec J, Hamadejov\u00e1 K, Landov\u00e1 L, Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Sak B. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium suis in pre- and post-weaned pigs. J Vet Med B. 2006;53:239\u201343.","journal-title":"J Vet Med B"},{"key":"7068_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201117","volume":"26","author":"Z Kopacz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kopacz Z, Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Piesiak P, Szydlowicz M, Hendrich AB, Sak B, et al. Cryptosporidium baileyi pulmonary infection in immunocompetent woman with benign neoplasm. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1958\u201361.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7068_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05608.x","volume":"33","author":"WL Current","year":"1986","unstructured":"Current WL, Upton SJ, Haynes TB. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens. J Protozool. 1986;33:289\u201396.","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"7068_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004","volume":"17","author":"L Xiao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:72\u201397.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"7068_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782011001100020","volume":"41","author":"PC Ruggiero","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruggiero PC, Zacariotti RL, Bondan EF, Lallo MA. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium serpentis in captive snakes. Cienc Rural. 2011;41:1975\u20138.","journal-title":"Cienc Rural"},{"key":"7068_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.08.016","volume":"198","author":"PR Paiva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paiva PR, Grego KF, Lima VM, Nakamura AA, da Silva DC, Meireles MV. Clinical, serological, and parasitological analysis of snakes naturally infected with Cryptosporidium serpentis. Vet Parasitol. 2013;198:54\u201361.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040813","volume":"9","author":"J Je\u017ekov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Je\u017ekov\u00e1 J, Limpouchov\u00e1 Z, Prediger J, Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Kone\u010dn\u00fd R, et al. Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the species adapted to the nutria (Myocastor coypus). Microorganisms. 2021;9:813.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"7068_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-508R.1","volume":"91","author":"R Umemiya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Umemiya R, Fukuda M, Fujisaki K, Matsui T. Electron microscopic observation of the invasion process of Cryptosporidium parvum in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. J Parasitol. 2005;91:1034\u20139.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990837","volume":"137","author":"H Borowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borowski H, Thompson RC, Armstrong T, Clode PL. Morphological characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum life-cycle stages in an in vitro model system. Parasitology. 2010;137:13\u201326.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7068_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.02.008","volume":"53","author":"J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang J, Chen M, He Y, Chen H, Huang M, Li N, et al. Cryptosporidium equi n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae): biological and genetic characterisations. Int J Parasitol. 2023;53:545\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001142","volume":"146","author":"M Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1 M, \u010condlov\u00e1 S, Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Hlaskov\u00e1 L, et al. Diversity of Cryptosporidium in common voles and description of Cryptosporidium alticolis sp. n. and Cryptosporidium microti sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae). Parasitology. 2019;146:220\u201333.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7068_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2017.12.006","volume":"63","author":"S \u010condlov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u010condlov\u00e1 S, Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1 M, Sak B, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1 L, Kone\u010dn\u00fd R, et al. Cryptosporidium apodemi sp. n. and Cryptosporidium ditrichi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Apodemus spp. Eur J Protistol. 2018;63:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"key":"7068_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.04.016","volume":"42","author":"K Elwin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elwin K, Hadfield SJ, Robinson G, Crouch ND, Chalmers RM. Cryptosporidium viatorum n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) among travellers returning to Great Britain from the Indian subcontinent, 2007\u20132011. Int J Parasitol. 2012;42:675\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07824-4","volume":"122","author":"JC Garcia-R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garcia-R JC, Pita AB, Velathanthiri N, Pas A, Hayman DTS. Mammal-related Cryptosporidium infections in endemic reptiles of New Zealand. Parasitol Res. 2023;122:1239\u201344.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7068_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v6i2.5","volume":"6","author":"A Dellarupe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dellarupe A, Unzaga JM, More G, Kienast M, Larsen A, Stiebel C, et al. Cryptosporidium varanii infection in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) in Argentina. Open Vet J. 2016;6:98\u2013101.","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"7068_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louro M, Hernandez L, Antunes J, Madeira de Carvalho L, Pereira da Fonseca I, Gomes J. Cryptosporidium spp. in reptiles: Detection challenges, molecular characterization and zoonotic risk. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2025;40:e00272.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00272"},{"key":"7068_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.09.006","volume":"118","author":"I Pavl\u00e1sek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pavl\u00e1sek I, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium varanii takes precedence over C. saurophilum. Exp Parasitol. 2008;118:434\u20137.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR74","first-page":"93","volume":"45","author":"B Koudela","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koudela B, Modr\u00fd D. New species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from lizards. Folia Parasitol. 1998;45:93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"7068_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-25.1.20","volume":"25","author":"SJ Upton","year":"1989","unstructured":"Upton SJ, McAllister CT, Freed PS, Barnard SM. Cryptosporidium spp. in wild and captive reptiles. J Wildl Dis. 1989;25:20\u201330.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07068-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07068-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07068-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:04:01Z","timestamp":1761091441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07068-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07068-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All samples were collected by animal breeders in accordance with Czech legislation (Act No. 246\/1992 Coll. on the Protection of Animals Against Cruelty) and relevant European regulations. The study design was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (protocol No. 73-2024-P). The size of cages, boxes and aviaries was in accordance with Czech legislation (Act No. 246\/1992 Coll. on the Protection of Animals from Cruelty) and European legislation. An external heat source was used for young birds during the first 5\u00a0days of life. Sterilised food and water were available ad libitum for all animals. Keepers wore sterile shoe covers, disposable coveralls and disposable gloves when entering the experimental room. Wood chip bedding and disposable protective clothing were removed from the experimental room and incinerated.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"420"}}