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However, there is a gap in current research on the knockdown resistance gene (\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and population genetic structure of\n                      <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Guizhou Province, China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected 365\n                      <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes from ten geographic populations in Guizhou Province in 2023\u20132024 and analyzed the genetic diversity of the\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene with mutation at locus 1014 and the mitochondrial DNA\u2013cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (\n                      <jats:italic>mtDNA\u2013COI<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were also analyzed, and a haplotype network diagram and phylogenetic tree were constructed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Only the L1014F mutation (TTA\u2009\u2192\u2009TTT) was detected at locus 1014 of the\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in\n                      <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Guizhou Province. The frequency of resistant alleles ranged from 0% to 8.8%, with higher frequencies observed in Dejiang (8.8%), Libo (7.1%), and Sandu (3.3%). All samples from the Xingren population were susceptible (SS). mtDNA\u2013COI genes showed high haplotype diversity (Hd\u2009=\u20090.989), low nucleotide diversity (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023), low genetic differentiation among populations (Fst\u2009=\u20090.001\u20130.140), and high gene flow (Nm\u2009&gt;\u20091), suggesting that the population of\n                      <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Guizhou Province has high genetic diversity and frequent gene exchange. The haplotype network and phylogenetic tree indicated that possible cryptic or novel species existed in Guizhou Province in addition to the dominant populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall,\n                      <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      has not yet developed widespread resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Guizhou Province, and the risk of spreading resistance genes needs to be continuously monitored owing to high population genetic diversity and frequent gene exchange.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07071-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:35:08Z","timestamp":1763739308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mutation in the knockdown resistance gene and population genetic structure in Culex tritaeniorhynchus from Guizhou Province"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingnan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Libo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7071_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2086-8","volume":"10","author":"J Longbottom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Longbottom J, Browne AJ, Pigott DM, et\u00a0al. 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