{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:44:11Z","timestamp":1763739851368,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015829","name":"Ministerstwo Zdrowia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBZ.A060.24.016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A060.24.016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-23773S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-23773S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a host-specific protozoan with possible zoonotic potential, is a common parasite of cats (\n                      <jats:italic>Felis catus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). To date, there have been few studies on the molecular subtyping of\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      worldwide, and no have been conducted in Central Europe. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence and genetic variability of\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in domestic and stray cats in Central Europe, particularly in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Faecal samples were collected from domestic and stray cats. The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was analysed by light microscopy with aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\/sequencing of the small subunit rRNA gene (18S rDNA). All PCR-positive samples were further subtyped using PCR and sequencing of the 60\u00a0kDa glycoprotein gene (\n                      <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). A chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) analysis were used to compare infection rates and assess the risk of\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection between domestic and stray cats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 711 faecal samples were collected \u2013 350 from domestic cats and 361 from stray cats. The overall infection rate of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was 4.5% (32\/711), with stray cats being significantly more frequently infected (6.7%) than domestic cats (2.3%). Oocysts of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were not detected microscopically in any of the samples. There were no significant differences between the infection rates in the three countries. All isolates were identified as\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and analysis of the\n                      <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene revealed five different subtypes, all belonging to the XIXa subtype family of\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These subtypes formed five well-supported phylogenetic clusters, none of which had been previously reported worldwide. Only one subtype was found in domestic cats, whereas all five subtypes were found in stray cats. The subtypes identified in stray cats showed a clear geographical distribution in the study region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of this study extend our knowledge of the genetic variability of\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and indicate a possible geographical distribution of the detected subtypes. The significance of the observed genetic variability in terms of geographical distribution, host specificity and zoonotic potential remains unclear and requires further investigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07079-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:11:55Z","timestamp":1763737915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel gp60 subtypes and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium felis in domestic and stray cats from Central Europe"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Veronika","family":"Zikmundov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli\u0161ka","family":"H\u00f6flerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Holubov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Kicia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00fa\u0161","family":"Rajsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Beran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bohumil","family":"Sak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kv\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7079_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2307\/3283886","volume":"82","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"1996","unstructured":"Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Cranfield MR. Cryptosporidium parvum is not transmissible to fish, amphibians, or reptiles. J Parasitol. 1996;82:748\u201351.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7079_CR2","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, McEvoy J, Stenger B, Clark M. Cryptosporidiosis in other vertebrates. In: Cacci\u00f2 SM, Widmer G, editors. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease. 1st ed. Wien: Springer; 2014.","edition":"1"},{"key":"7079_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0377-x","volume":"4","author":"JL Nader","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nader JL, Mathers TC, Ward BJ, Pachebat JA, Swain MT, Robinson G, et al. Evolutionary genomics of anthroponosis in Cryptosporidium. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4:826\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-019-0377-x.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"7079_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05844-8","volume":"16","author":"L T\u016fmov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"T\u016fmov\u00e1 L, Je\u017ekov\u00e1 J, Prediger J, Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Kone\u010dn\u00fd R, et al. Cryptosporidium mortiferum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the species causing lethal cryptosporidiosis in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-023-05844-8.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7079_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/503189a","volume":"503","author":"B Striepen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Striepen B. Parasitic infections: time to tackle cryptosporidiosis. Nature. 2013;503:189\u201391.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7079_CR6","first-page":"523","volume":"15","author":"CL Chappell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC. Cryptosporidiosis. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2002;15:523\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"7079_CR7","unstructured":"World population review: cat population by Country 2025. https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/cat-population-by-country?utm_source=chatgpt.com. 2025."},{"key":"7079_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2812","volume":"34","author":"N Ein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ein N, Li L, Vickers K. The effect of pet therapy on the physiological and subjective stress response: a meta-analysis. Stress Health. 2018;34:477\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.2812.","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"7079_CR9","unstructured":"WHO: animal bites. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/animal-bites?utm_source=chatgpt.com. 2024."},{"key":"7079_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.04.015","volume":"137","author":"A Taghipour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taghipour A, Khazaei S, Ghodsian S, Shajarizadeh M, Olfatifar M, Foroutan M, et al. Global prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cats: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci. 2021;137:77\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.04.015.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"7079_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3954-1","volume":"13","author":"M Montazeri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montazeri M, Mikaeili Galeh T, Moosazadeh M, Sarvi S, Dodangeh S, Javidnia J, et al. The global serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in felids during the last five decades (1967\u20132017): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3954-1.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7079_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.12.011","volume":"207","author":"M Bouzid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouzid M, Halai K, Jeffreys D, Hunter PR. The prevalence of Giardia infection in dogs and cats, a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies from stool samples. Vet Parasitol. 2015;207:181\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.12.011.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7079_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.10.005","volume":"144","author":"I Pavl\u00e1sek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pavl\u00e1sek I, Ryan U. The first finding of a natural infection of Cryptosporidium muris in a cat. Vet Parasitol. 2007;144:349\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.10.005.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7079_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2010.07.007","volume":"25","author":"V Scorza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scorza V, Tangtrongsup S. Update on the diagnosis and management of Cryptosporidium spp infections in dogs and cats. Top Companion Anim Med. 2010;25:163\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.tcam.2010.07.007.","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"7079_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.05.001","volume":"155","author":"RC Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang RC, Ying JLJ, Monis P, Ryan U. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in cats (Felis catus) in Western Australia. Exp Parasitol. 2015;155:13\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.05.001.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7079_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105096","volume":"158","author":"XZ Meng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meng XZ, Li MY, Lyu C, Qin YF, Zhao ZY, Yang XB, et al. The global prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection among cats during 1988\u20132021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 2021;158:105096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105096.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"7079_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113307","author":"U Ryan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ryan U, Zahedi A, Feng Y, Xiao L. An update on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in Humans. Animals (Basel). 2021;11:3307.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11113307","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"7079_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3906-9","volume":"13","author":"L Rojas-Lopez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rojas-Lopez L, Elwin K, Chalmers RM, Enemark HL, Beser J, Troell K. Development of a gp60-subtyping method for Cryptosporidium felis. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3906-9.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7079_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020089","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J, Yang F, Liang R, Guo S, Guo Y, Li N, et al. Subtype characterization and zoonotic  potential of Cryptosporidium felis in cats in Guangdong and Shanghai, China. Pathogens. 2021;10:89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10020089","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7079_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang W, Roellig DM, Lebbad M, Beser J, Troell K, Guo Y, et al. Subtype distribution of zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium felis in humans and animals in several countries. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9:2446\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2020.1840312.","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1840312"},{"key":"7079_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yun CS, Moon BY, Lee K, Kang SM, Ku BK, Hwang MH. The detection and phylogenetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, and Giardia duodenalis of cats in South Korea. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1296118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1296118.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1296118"},{"key":"7079_CR22","unstructured":"Mil\u00e1\u010dek P, V\u00edtovec J. Differential staining of cryptosporidia by aniline-carbol-methyl violet and tartrazine in smears from feces and scrapings of intestinal mucosa. Folia Parasitol. 1985;32:50."},{"key":"7079_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiao LH, Escalante L, Yang CF, Sulaiman I, Escalante AA, Montali RJ, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rRNA gene locus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999;65:1578\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.65.4.1578-1583.1999.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.4.1578-1583.1999"},{"key":"7079_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol. 2003;52:696\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10635150390235520.","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520"},{"key":"7079_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35:1547\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msy096.","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096"},{"key":"7079_CR26","unstructured":"Tavar\u00e9 S. Some probabilistic and statistical problems in the analysis of DNA sequences. In: Miura RM, editor. Some mathematical questions in biology: DNA sequence analysis (Lectures on mathematics in the life sciences). New York: American Mathematical Society; 1986."},{"key":"7079_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Hofmannov\u00e1 L, Ortega Y, Holubov\u00e1 N, Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1 M, Kicia M, et al. Stray cats are more frequently infected with zoonotic protists than pet cats. Folia Parasitol. 2017;64:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14411\/Fp.2017.034.","DOI":"10.14411\/Fp.2017.034"},{"key":"7079_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu CH, Liang C, Chi SC, Lee KJ, Chou CH, Lin CS, et al. An epidemiological assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. infection in pet animals from Taiwan.  Animals. 2023;13:3373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13213373","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213373"},{"key":"7079_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gil H, Cano L, de Lucio A, Bailo B, de Mingo MH, Cardona GA, et al. Detection and molecular diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in sheltered dogs and cats in Northern Spain. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;50:62\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.02.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.02.013"},{"key":"7079_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hinney B, Ederer C, Stengl C, Wilding K, Strkolcova G, Harl J, et al. Enteric protozoa of cats and their zoonotic potential-a field study from Austria. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:2003\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-015-4408-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4408-0"},{"key":"7079_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piekara-Stepinska A, Piekarska J, Gorczykowski M. Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and cats in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2021;28:345\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26444\/aaem\/120467.","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/120467"},{"key":"7079_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1989-8","volume":"10","author":"D Kostopoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kostopoulou D, Claerebout E, Arvanitis D, Ligda P, Voutzourakis N, Casaert S, et al. Abundance, zoonotic potential and risk factors of intestinal parasitism amongst dog and cat populations: the scenario of Crete, Greece. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-1989-8.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7079_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102205","volume":"174","author":"V Scorza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scorza V, Willmott A, Gunn-Moore D, Lappin MR. Cryptosporidium felis in faeces from cats in the UK. Vet Rec. 2014;174:609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.102205.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"7079_CR34","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease","author":"LJ Robertson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robertson LJ, Bj\u00f6rkman C, Ax\u00e9n C, Fayer R. Cryptosporidiosis in Farmed Animals. In: Cacci\u00f2 SM, Widmer G, editors. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease. London: Springer; 2014."},{"key":"7079_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.01.011","volume":"16","author":"JS Ng-Hublin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ng-Hublin JS, Singleton GR, Ryan U. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from wild rats and mice from rural communities in the Philippines. Infect Genet Evol. 2013;16:5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.01.011.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"7079_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7692","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01386-09","volume":"75","author":"C Lv","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lv C, Zhang L, Wang R, Jian F, Zhang S, Ning C, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in wild, laboratory, and pet rodents in China: prevalence and molecular characterization. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75:7692\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.01386-09.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"7079_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.007","volume":"160","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Hanzl\u00edkov\u00e1 D, Sak B, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D. Prevalence and age-related infection of Cryptosporidium suis, C. muris and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II in pigs on a farm complex in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol. 2009;160:319\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.007.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7079_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.03.016","volume":"131","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Kest\u0159\u00e1nov\u00e1 M, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Kotkov\u00e1 M, Ortega Y, McEvoy J, et al. Cryptosporidium tyzzeri and Cryptosporidium muris originated from wild West-European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) and East-European house mice (Mus musculus musculus) are non-infectious for pigs. Exp Parasitol. 2012;131:107\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.03.016.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7079_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00016.x","volume":"47","author":"DS Lindsay","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lindsay DS, Upton SJ, Owens DS, Morgan UM, Mead JR, Blagburn BL. Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) from cattle, Bos taurus. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2000;47:91\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00016.x.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"7079_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1409-5","volume":"9","author":"H Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu H, Jin Y, Wu W, Li P, Wang L, Li N, et al. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats in Shanghai, China. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1409-5.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7079_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00598-14","volume":"52","author":"CR Stensvold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stensvold CR, Beser J, Axen C, Lebbad M. High applicability of a novel method for gp60-based subtyping of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:2311\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00598-14.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7079_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00313-15","volume":"53","author":"CR Stensvold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stensvold CR, Elwin K, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Chalmers RM, Xiao L, Lebbad M. Development and application of a gp60-based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:1891\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00313-15.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7079_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.121797","volume":"20","author":"N Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li N, Xiao L, Alderisio K, Elwin K, Cebelinski E, Chalmers R, et al. Subtyping Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, a zoonotic pathogen emerging in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:217\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2002.121797.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7079_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.071273","volume":"14","author":"VA Cama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Ortega Y, et al. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1567\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1410.071273.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7079_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1086\/519842","volume":"196","author":"VA Cama","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cama VA, Ross JM, Crawford S, Kawai V, Chavez-Valdez R, Vargas D, et al. Differences in clinical manifestations among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:684\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/519842.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7079_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.009","volume":"34","author":"Y Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng Y, Ryan UM, Xiao L. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cryptosporidium. Trends Parasitol. 2018;34:997\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.009.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7079_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514077","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2514077","volume":"16","author":"F Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li F, Li J, Tang Y, He W, Fan Y, Huang N, et al. Involvement of a variant secretory protein in virulence of emerging Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes. Virulence. 2025;16:2514077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2025.2514077.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"7079_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1987.191.06.705","volume":"191","author":"TM Monticello","year":"1987","unstructured":"Monticello TM, Levy MG, Bunch SE, Fairley RA. Cryptosporidiosis in a feline leukemia virus-positive cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:705\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"7079_CR49","first-page":"502","volume":"129","author":"MM Mtambo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mtambo MM, Nash AS, Blewett DA, Smith HV, Wright S. Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area. Vet Rec. 1991;129:502\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"7079_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)59002-X","volume":"59","author":"RC Thompson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thompson RC, Olson ME, Zhu G, Enomoto S, Abrahamsen MS, Hijjawi NS. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. Adv Parasitol. 2005;59:77\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)59002-X.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"7079_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104820","volume":"174","author":"S Tangtrongsup","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tangtrongsup S, Scorza AV, Reif JS, Ballweber LR, Lappin MR, Salman MD. Seasonal distributions and other risk factors for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in dogs and cats in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Prev Vet Med. 2020;174:104820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104820.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"7079_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2016.05.002","volume":"56","author":"L Hofmannov\u00e1","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hofmannov\u00e1 L, Hauptman K, Huclov\u00e1 K, Kv\u011btonov\u00e1 D, Sak B, Kv\u00e1\u010d M. Cryptosporidium erinacei and C. parvum in a group of overwintering hedgehogs. Eur J Protistol. 2016;56:15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejop.2016.05.002.","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"key":"7079_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030287","author":"B Sone","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sone B, Ambe LA, Ampama MN, Ajohkoh C, Che D, Nguinkal JA, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species in diarrheic children in Cameroon. Pathogens. 2025;14:287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14030287","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7079_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2806.220064","volume":"28","author":"Z Zajaczkowska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zajaczkowska Z, Brutovska AB, Akutko K, McEvoy J, Sak B, Hendrich AB, et al. Horse-specific Cryptosporidium genotype in human with Crohn\u2019s disease and arthritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28:1289\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2806.220064.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07079-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07079-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07079-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:11:57Z","timestamp":1763737917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07079-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07079-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval and consent to participate were not required, as the study did not involve the handling of animals in a manner covered by legislation on the protection of animals against cruelty.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"479"}}