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The transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>Ornithodoros tholozani<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks has been reported to be transovarial, but little is known about the pathogen\u2019s lifecycle in its vector and other pathways of transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To further understand the transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , colony-bred\n                      <jats:italic>O.<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>tholozani<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks were fed on blood in an animal-free system, followed during three lifecycles, and infected with cultured\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Spirochetes were detected, and bacterial load was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization of the tick salivary glands was observed at week 4 post-infection of third-stage nymphs, a timeframe compatible with the duration required for the tick to become infective. Experimental\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission showed a decreasing rate of transstadial infection from 100% infection in larvae, to 55%, 20% and 25% in first-, second-, and third-stage nymphs, respectively, and 20% in adults. Five of the eight female ticks were PCR-positive for\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and transovarial transmission was detected in the progeny of 3\/5 infected females. Infection due to transovarial transmission was detected in 4% of the eggs laid by positive females, and in 2% of the larvae that originated from positive females. Transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      between\n                      <jats:italic>O. tholozani<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks was also experimentally shown to occur through hyperparasitism, when\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative male ticks fed on infected third-stage nymphs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study shows that\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      can be maintained transstadially and transovarially in a tick colony, although transovarial transmission occurred at low rates. Additionally, transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>B.\u00a0persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was experimentally shown to occur through hyperparasitism between\n                      <jats:italic>O.<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>tholozani<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks, a transmission pathway that is likely to occur also under natural conditions. Finally, we determined that\n                      <jats:italic>B. persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonized the salivary glands within a period of 4 weeks, and thereafter the tick may be considered as ready to infect a host. Improved understanding of tick colonization by spirochetes and pathways of transmission described here will help to form concepts to disrupt the infectious cycle of tick-borne relapsing fever.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07093-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T14:04:03Z","timestamp":1762524243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental transmission of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia persica in its tick vector Ornithodoros tholozani by transstadial, transovarial, and hyperparasitism routes with description of dynamics within the tick host"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kleinerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaarit","family":"Nachum-Biala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard K.","family":"Straubinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ben-Yosef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dor","family":"Shwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Baneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"7093_CR1","first-page":"341","volume":"2","author":"BJ Paster","year":"2000","unstructured":"Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE. 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