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The epidemiology of each disease is complex, with multiple tick and\/or host species interacting across variable environments, and disease risk has not been fully assessed. Here, we used a One Health approach that integrates ecological, livestock and wildlife factors to identify areas with potential risk of tick-borne pathogen circulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using ecological data on tick and host distributions alongside environmental and anthropogenic variables, we modeled the potential ranges of the four tick-borne diseases in North America and the Caribbean based on tick distributions. By integrating these disease-specific models, we generated comprehensive risk maps highlighting cattle exposure hotspots. We further evaluated how ungulate host communities shape the spatial patterns of tick-borne disease risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Livestock operations in the central and eastern USA and in southern Mexico are the most vulnerable to tick-borne pathogens. Models demonstrated higher performance when incorporating ungulate host distribution, enabling us to identify the key ungulate species influencing tick distributions and the risk of tick-borne diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Areas with greater ungulate diversity had greater tick diversity, further demonstrating the role of host community structure in shaping the dynamics of tick-borne pathogens. Identifying regions of North America with high exposure to tick-borne pathogens by assessing complex interactions between pathogens, hosts and vectors can aid in developing control strategies to safeguard cattle health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07096-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T10:01:55Z","timestamp":1763546515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Linking tick and wildlife host distributions to map risk of tick-borne diseases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carrasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Crowder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Mosqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Gutierrez-Illan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"7096_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-052720","volume":"66","author":"L Gilbert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilbert L. 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