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The adaptive immune response, primarily mediated by T-helper 1 lymphocytes, promotes an effective reaction by increasing cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3). In addition, interleukin-17a (IL-17a) plays a role in controlling parasite growth through inducible nitric oxide synthase activation. However, limited data exist on IL-17a production in dogs at different disease stages. This study aimed to evaluate\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific IL-17a production in blood samples from dogs with varying clinical stages of leishmaniosis and to assess its correlation with disease severity, humoral response, and IFN-\u03b3 \u00a0concentrations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 65 dogs were included; 10 healthy seronegative and 55 sick dogs, classified into three groups according to the LeishVet clinical stages, were studied. IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17a concentrations were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after performing a\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific cytokine release whole-blood assay following stimulation with soluble\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant differences in IL-17a concentration were observed between healthy and all sick dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.77). Dogs in stage I presented higher IL-17a concentrations than dogs in stages II and III. However, the difference was only statistically significant when compared with stage III (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044). Regarding IFN-\u03b3, all sick dogs demonstrated higher concentrations than healthy dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). Stage I dogs also exhibited higher IFN-\u03b3 concentrations compared with healthy dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0002) and with dogs in stage II (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016) and III (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016). Stage II dogs showed higher IFN- \u03b3 concentrations than healthy dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All dogs studied presented a positive correlation between IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17a concentrations (Spearman\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 0.54,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Regarding all the sick dogs, a negative correlation was found between IFN-\u03b3 concentration and antibody levels (Spearman\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      : \u22120.41,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), and between IL-17a concentration and antibody levels (Spearman\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      : \u22120.27,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044). There was a positive correlation between IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17a concentration (Spearman\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 0.61,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that IL-17a production is increased in mild disease when compared with more advanced clinical stages, acting as a possible \u201cresistance\u201d marker. However, IL-17a seems to be less reliable as a marker when compared with IFN-\u03b3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07147-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T15:39:53Z","timestamp":1764257993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leishmania infantum-specific production of IL-17a in stimulated blood from dogs in different clinical stages of leishmaniosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ic\u00edar","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Baxarias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laia","family":"Solano-Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1598-y","volume":"9","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2016","unstructured":"Solano-Gallego L, Montserrrat-Sangr\u00e0 S, Ordeix L, Mart\u00ednez-Orellana P. 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