{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:11:55Z","timestamp":1785762715565,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sindbis virus (SINV) and Batai virus (BATV) are emerging zoonotic arboviruses with a growing number of detections in Europe. Recent SINV outbreaks in northern Europe and high BATV seroprevalence in sheep, goats, and cattle in Germany emphasise the threat they pose to both animal and human health. Despite their presence in countries of similar latitude and climate, neither of these viruses have been detected in the UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Zoos are strategic sentinel sites for disease surveillance because they are well monitored and possess a high diversity of animal species. Located in southeast England, where the climate and vector prevalence may provide suitable conditions for viral emergence, London Zoo was selected as the sampling site for SINV and BATV prevalence in mosquito samples between September 2022 and January 2024. In 2020, it was also the first location where Usutu virus was detected in the UK. Adult mosquitoes were collected during host-seeking and overwintering seasons while larvae were collected in the summer months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 8477 mosquito specimens were analysed, representing all mosquito stages, i.e. including host-seeking and overwintering mosquitoes as well as adults that had emerged from larvae. Mosquitoes of the\n                      <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>Culex torrentium<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex were the most abundant, accounting for 97.5% of the total. Molecular analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to test for SINV and BATV; however, none of the samples tested positive.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that neither SINV nor BATV actively circulated in the sampled area during the study period. The findings provide baseline data for arbovirus surveillance in the UK, particularly at London Zoo, which is home to diverse bird populations that might be potential sentinel populations for viral emergence. Future studies that obtain molecular and serological data on birds or mammals housed at the zoo would complement our surveillance efforts on the emergence or prevalence of SINV and BATV in the UK. This study focused on a single location, but extending sampling and monitoring to other sites across the UK, especially in the southeast, is crucial to strengthening the UK\u2019s preparedness and response strategies in case SINV and BATV emerge in the country in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07149-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T12:43:02Z","timestamp":1765111382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhanced surveillance to assess the presence of Sindbis and Batai virus in mosquito populations at an urban zoo in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Madhujot","family":"Jagdev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Insiyah","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Spiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ethan Wrigglesworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Pearce-Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G. C.","family":"Vaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolyon M.","family":"Medlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arran J.","family":"Folly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"7149_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001674","author":"S Harding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harding S, Sewgobind S, Johnson N. JMM Profile: Sindbis virus, a cause of febrile illness and arthralgia. J Med Microbiol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001674.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"7149_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122298","author":"J Rau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rau J, et al. Viral RNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected between 2019 and 2021 in Germany. Viruses. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15122298.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7149_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108453","volume":"239","author":"U Ziegler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ziegler U, et al. Sindbis virus\u2014a wild bird associated zoonotic arbovirus circulates in Germany. Vet Microbiol. 2019;239:108453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108453.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"7149_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1401.070510","volume":"14","author":"S Kurkela","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kurkela S, et al. Sindbis virus infection in resident birds, migratory birds, and humans, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:41\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1401.070510.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR5","first-page":"1865","volume-title":"Alphaviruses in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"L Markoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Markoff L. Alphaviruses in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 1865\u201374."},{"key":"7149_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701586996","volume":"40","author":"S Kurkela","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kurkela S, Helve T, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Arthritis and arthralgia three years after Sindbis virus infection: clinical follow-up of a cohort of 49 patients. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40:167\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365540701586996.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150132","volume":"21","author":"S van Niekerk","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Niekerk S, et al. Sindbis and Middelburg Old World alphaviruses associated with neurologic disease in horses, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:2225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2112.150132.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091868","author":"KL Mansfield","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mansfield KL, Folly AJ, Hern\u00e1ndez-Triana LM, Sewgobind S, Johnson N. Batai orthobunyavirus: an emerging mosquito-borne virus in Europe. Viruses. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14091868.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7149_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001523","author":"MF Dutuze","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dutuze MF, Mayton EH, Macaluso JD, Christofferson RC. Comparative characterization of the reassortant Orthobunyavirus Ngari with putative parental viruses, Bunyamwera and Batai: in vitro characterization and ex vivo stability. J Gen Virol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001523.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"7149_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091702","author":"A Heitmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heitmann A, et al. Mammals preferred: reassortment of Batai and Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus occurs in mammalian but not insect cells. Viruses. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13091702.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7149_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0596","volume":"103","author":"MF Dutuze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dutuze MF, Ingabire A, Gafarasi I, Uwituze S, Nzayirambaho M, Christofferson RC. Identification of Bunyamwera and possible other Orthobunyavirus infections and disease in cattle during a Rift Valley fever outbreak in Rwanda in 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103:183\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0596.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7149_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0808-x","volume":"151","author":"T Yanase","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yanase T, et al. Genetic characterization of Batai virus indicates a genomic reassortment between orthobunyaviruses in nature. Arch Virol. 2006;151:2253\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-006-0808-x.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"7149_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00069","volume":"5","author":"MF Dutuze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dutuze MF, Nzayirambaho M, Mores CN, Christofferson RC. A review of Bunyamwera, Batai, and Ngari viruses: understudied orthobunyaviruses with potential one health implications. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2018.00069.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111059","author":"JP Martinet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martinet JP, Fert\u00e9 H, Failloux AB, Schaffner F, Depaquit J. Mosquitoes of north-western Europe as potential vectors of arboviruses: a review. Viruses. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11111059.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7149_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268806007047","volume":"135","author":"JM Medlock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Medlock JM, Snow KR, Leach S. Possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in Great Britain. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135:466\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268806007047.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"7149_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19341-0","volume":"84","author":"A Buckley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buckley A, Dawson A, Moss S, Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Gould EA. Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK. J Gen Virol. 2003;84:2807\u201317.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"7149_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-3-71","volume":"3","author":"A Buckley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buckley A, Dawson A, Gould EA. Detection of seroconversion to West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus in UK sentinel chickens. Virol J. 2006;3:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422x-3-71.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"7149_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26477","volume":"10","author":"A Hernandez-Colina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hernandez-Colina A, Seechurn N, Costa T, Lopez J, Baylis M, Hesson JC. Surveillance of Culex spp. vectors and zoonotic arboviruses at a zoo in the United Kingdom. Heliyon. 2024;10:e26477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26477.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"7149_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06296-4","volume":"17","author":"A Heitmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heitmann A, et al. Evaluation of the vector competence for Batai virus of native Culex and exotic Aedes species in Central Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2024;17:223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06296-4.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7149_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05070-0","volume":"14","author":"LM Hern\u00e1ndez-Triana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Triana LM, et al. Oral susceptibility of aedine and culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Batai Orthobunyavirus. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05070-0.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7149_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030592","author":"S Jansen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jansen S, et al. Vector competence of Northern European Culex pipiens biotype pipiens and Culex torrentium to West Nile virus and Sindbis virus. Viruses. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15030592.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7149_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2022.27.31.2200580","author":"MT Suvanto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suvanto MT, et al. Sindbis virus outbreak and evidence for geographical expansion in Finland, 2021. Euro Surveill. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2022.27.31.2200580.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"7149_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2562","volume":"20","author":"EM Korhonen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korhonen EM, et al. Sindbis virus strains of divergent origin isolated from humans and mosquitoes during a recent outbreak in Finland. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20:843\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2019.2562.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1596","volume":"14","author":"AJ Lambert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lambert AJ, et al. Serological evidence of Batai virus infections, bovines, northern Italy, 2011. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014;14:688\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1596.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00082-15","volume":"22","author":"M Hofmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hofmann M, et al. Surveillance of Batai virus in bovines from Germany. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015;22:672\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00082-15.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"7149_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030370","author":"N Cichon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cichon N, et al. Serological and molecular investigation of Batai virus infections in ruminants from the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, 2018. Viruses. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13030370.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7149_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00620-19","author":"J Ling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ling J, et al. Introduction and dispersal of Sindbis virus from Central Africa to Europe. J Virol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00620-19.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"7149_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2020.25.41.2001732","author":"AJ Folly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Folly AJ, et al. Detection of Usutu virus infection in wild birds in the United Kingdom, 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2020.25.41.2001732.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"7149_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2025.30.28.2500401","author":"RC Bruce","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bruce RC, et al. Detection of West Nile virus via retrospective mosquito arbovirus surveillance, United Kingdom, 2025. Euro Surveill. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2025.30.28.2500401.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"7149_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12310","volume":"63","author":"PR Bessell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bessell PR, et al. Quantifying the risk of introduction of West Nile virus into Great Britain by migrating passerine birds. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2016;63:e347\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.12310.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14738","author":"AJ Folly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Folly AJ, et al. Evidence for overwintering and autochthonous transmission of Usutu virus to wild birds following its redetection in the United Kingdom. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14738.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09335-x","volume":"15","author":"M Schilling","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schilling M, et al. Vertical transmission in field-caught mosquitoes identifies a mechanism for the establishment of Usutu virus in a temperate country. Sci Rep. 2025;15:25252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-09335-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7149_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.3.462","volume":"38","author":"DJ Dohm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dohm DJ, Turell MJ. Effect of incubation at overwintering temperatures on the replication of West Nile Virus in New York Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2001;38:462\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1603\/0022-2585-38.3.462.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7149_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1126\/science.628843","volume":"199","author":"CL Bailey","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bailey CL, Eldridge BF, Hayes DE, Watts DM, Tammariello RF, Dalrymple JM. Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from overwintering Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Science. 1978;199:1346\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.628843.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"7149_CR35","volume-title":"Mosquitoes","author":"KR Snow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Snow KR. Mosquitoes. Oxford: Richmond Publishing; 1990."},{"key":"7149_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11623-1","volume-title":"Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control","author":"N Becker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Becker N. Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3rd ed. Cham: Springer; 2020.","edition":"3"},{"key":"7149_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06975-w","volume":"18","author":"E Widlake","year":"2025","unstructured":"Widlake E, et al. Spatial distribution of Culex mosquitoes across England and Wales, July 2023. Parasit Vectors. 2025;18:337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-06975-w.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7149_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00037-10","volume":"48","author":"H J\u00f6st","year":"2010","unstructured":"J\u00f6st H, Bialonski A, Storch V, G\u00fcnther S, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Sindbis viruses from mosquitoes in Germany. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1900\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00037-10.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7149_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0483","volume":"84","author":"H J\u00f6st","year":"2011","unstructured":"J\u00f6st H, Bialonski A, Schmetz C, G\u00fcnther S, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Batai virus, Germany. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:241\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0483.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7149_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007702","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007702","volume":"13","author":"JO Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m JO, et al. Sindbis virus polyarthritis outbreak signalled by virus prevalence in the mosquito vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007702.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072x-12-7","volume":"12","author":"M Calzolari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calzolari M, Albieri A. Could drought conditions trigger Schmallenberg virus and other arboviruses circulation? Int J Health Geogr. 2013;12:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-072x-12-7.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"7149_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.01.006","volume":"85","author":"F Rubel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rubel F, et al. Explaining Usutu virus dynamics in Austria: model development and calibration. Prev Vet Med. 2008;85:166\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.01.006.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"7149_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3104.241503","volume":"31","author":"K Streng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Streng K, et al. Local circulation of Sindbis virus in wild birds and horses, the Netherlands, 2021\u20132022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:863\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3104.241503.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100947","volume":"20","author":"R Guti\u00e9rrez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-L\u00f3pez R, et al. First isolation of the Sindbis virus in mosquitoes from southwestern Spain reveals a new recent introduction from Africa. One Health. 2025;20:100947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100947.","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"7149_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.05591-11","volume":"86","author":"NL Forrester","year":"2012","unstructured":"Forrester NL, et al. Genome-scale phylogeny of the Alphavirus genus suggests a marine origin. J Virol. 2012;86:2729\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.05591-11.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"7149_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020294","volume":"16","author":"TW O'Connor","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor TW, Hick PM, Finlaison DS, Kirkland PD, Toribio J-ALML. Revisiting the importance of orthobunyaviruses for animal health: a scoping review of livestock disease, diagnostic tests, and surveillance strategies for the Simbu serogroup. Viruses. 2024;16:294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16020294.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7149_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060753","author":"F Bergmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bergmann F, et al. Longitudinal study of the occurrence of Usutu virus and West Nile virus infections in birds in a zoological garden in northern Germany. Pathogens. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12060753.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7149_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0318602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318602","volume":"20","author":"L Pezzi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pezzi L, et al. Low capacity for molecular detection of Alphaviruses other than Chikungunya virus in 23 European laboratories, March 2022. PLoS ONE. 2025;20:e0318602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0318602.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07149-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07149-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07149-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:06:11Z","timestamp":1768341971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07149-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07149-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors confirm that the ethical policies of the journal, as noted on the journal\u2019s author guidelines page, have been adhered to.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25"}}