{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:23:28Z","timestamp":1784085808769,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT): High-Potential Research Team Grant Program","award":["N42A670561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A670561"]}]},{"name":"The Office of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation under the Reinventing University 2025 Visiting Professor Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tick-borne pathogens threaten livestock health and productivity in Southeast Asia. Despite growing regional interest, epidemiological data from the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) remain insufficient and underreported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected 227 ticks from 63 cattle across northern, central, and southern Lao PDR. Species were morphologically identified as\n                      <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus microplus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato and confirmed by sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Pathogen screening was conducted via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with sequence identities verified using the GenBank database. Multivariate analyses assessed regional variation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Detected pathogens included the apicomplexan protozoans\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                      (7%),\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2.6%), and\n                      <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (10.6%) as well as the bacteria\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                      (18.9%),\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (2.2%),\n                      <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (6.6%),\n                      <jats:italic>Ehrlichia minasensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.4%), and\n                      <jats:italic>Aureimonas altamirensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1.3%).\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most prevalent. Codetections were common, with multiple ticks harboring two or more pathogens. Some double detection occurred more frequently than expected by chance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study presents the first comprehensive evidence of diverse tick-borne pathogens circulating in cattle ticks from Lao PDR, revealing high genetic similarity to globally recognized strains alongside distinct region-specific detection patterns. Notably, it also constitutes the first report of\n                      <jats:italic>A. marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>E. minasensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. in cattle ticks in the country. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated tick and pathogen surveillance within a One Health framework, with significant implications for regional disease monitoring, livestock health management, and zoonotic risk mitigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07167-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T02:23:38Z","timestamp":1764987818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in cattle ticks from the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Alongkorn","family":"Nonthapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rutchanee","family":"Rodpai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongjit","family":"Thanchomnang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patcharaporn","family":"Boonroumkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakkhana","family":"Sadaow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virasak","family":"Banouvong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakhone","family":"Laymanivong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanchana","family":"Thinnabut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ubon","family":"Tangkawanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pewpan M.","family":"Intapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanchai","family":"Maleewong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oranuch","family":"Sanpool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"7167_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967","volume":"129","author":"F Jongejan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jongejan F, Uilenberg G. The global importance of ticks. Parasitology. 2004;129:S3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182004005967.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7167_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","volume":"12","author":"R Bock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bock R, Jackson L, de Vos A, Jorgensen W. Babesiosis of cattle. Parasitology. 2004;12:247\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182004005190.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7167_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.07.004","volume":"12","author":"L Schnittger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schnittger L, Rodriguez AE, Florin-Christensen M, Morrison DA. Babesia: a world emerging. Infect Genet Evol. 2012;12:1788\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.07.004.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"7167_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1086\/319347","volume":"32","author":"P Parola","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parola P, Raoult D. Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:897\u2013928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/319347.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7167_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02902-0","volume":"17","author":"OA Agina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agina OA, Shaari MR, Isa NMM, Ajat M, Zamri-Saad M, Mazlan M, et\u00a0al. Molecular detection of Theileria species, Anaplasma species, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, Trypanosoma evansi and first evidence of Theileria sinensis-associated bovine anaemia in crossbred Kedah-Kelantan x Brahman cattle. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17:246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02902-0.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"7167_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050898","volume":"11","author":"JS Dumler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dumler JS, Choi KS, Garcia-Garcia JC, Barat NS, Scorpio DG, Garyu JW, et\u00a0al. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1828\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1112.050898.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7167_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000895","volume":"66","author":"A Cabezas-Cruz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cabezas-Cruz A, Zweygarth E, Vancov\u00e1 M, Broniszewska M, Grubhoffer L, Passos LMF, et\u00a0al. Ehrlichia minasensis sp. nov., isolated from the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016;66:1426\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.000895.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"7167_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102351","volume":"15","author":"LS Andrade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andrade LS, de Souza RS, Carvalho de Araujo A, Silva SO, Melo MN, Melo FG, et\u00a0al. Hemopathogens in naturally infected bovine fetuses in Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2024;15:102351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102351.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"7167_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00337-08","volume":"46","author":"ML Luong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luong ML, B\u00e9kal S, Vinh DC, Lauzon D, Leung V, Al-Rawahi GN, et\u00a0al. First report of isolation and characterization of Aurantimonas altamirensis from clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:2435\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00337-08.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7167_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2019.39.6.587","volume":"39","author":"N Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim N, Hwang JH, Cho YG, Kim DS, Lee HS, Lee J. First case of Aureimonas altamirensis bacteraemia in Korea. Ann Lab Med. 2019;39:587\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3343\/alm.2019.39.6.587.","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"7167_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.03.035","volume":"9","author":"BC Roy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roy BC, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Kr\u00fccken J, Rehman A, Nijhof AM. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Myanmar. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018;9:1069\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.03.035.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"7167_CR12","unstructured":"Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Pena A, Horak IG, Latif A, et\u00a0al. Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species. Bioscience Reports, Edinburgh. 2003."},{"key":"7167_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/20.3.330","volume":"20","author":"P Tanskul","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tanskul P, Stark HE, Inlao I. A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). J Med Entomol. 1983;20:330\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmedent\/20.3.330.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7167_CR14","unstructured":"Kushimo O. The tick genus Amblyomma in Africa: phylogeny and mutilocus DNA barcoding. Georgia Southern University. 2013. https:\/\/digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu\/etd\/835\/ Accessed 10 Jun 2025."},{"key":"7167_CR15","first-page":"95","volume":"41","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall TA. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1999;41:95\u20138.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp Ser"},{"key":"7167_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","volume":"38","author":"K Tamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol. 2021;38:3022\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msab120.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7167_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","volume":"16","author":"M Kimura","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:111\u201320.","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"7167_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101694","volume":"22","author":"M Hasegawa","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T. Dating the human\u2013ape split by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Evol. 1985;22:160\u201374.","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"7167_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","volume":"17","author":"P Virtanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virtanen P, Gommers R, Oliphant TE, Haberland M, Reddy T, Cournapeau D, et\u00a0al. SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nat Methods. 2020;17:261\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"7167_CR20","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Wiley Stats Ref: Statistics Reference Online","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson MJ. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). In: Balakrishnan N, Colton T, Everitt B, Piegorsch W, Ruggeri F, Teugels JL, editors. Wiley Stats Ref: Statistics Reference Online. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2017. p. 1\u201315."},{"key":"7167_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rideout JR, Bolyen E, McDonald D, Baeza YV, Alastuey JC, Pitman A, et\u00a0al. scikit-bio\/scikit-bio: scikit-bio 0.7.0 (0.7.0). Zenodo. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15988672.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.15988672"},{"key":"7167_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","volume":"9","author":"JD Hunter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hunter JD. Matplotlib: a 2D graphics environment. Comput Sci Eng. 2007;9:90\u20135.","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"7167_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03021","volume":"6","author":"ML Waskom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waskom ML. Seaborn: statistical data visualization. J Open Source Softw. 2021;6:3021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.03021.","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"7167_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346248","volume":"20","author":"A Lex","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lex A, Gehlenborg N, Strobelt H, Vuillemot R, Pfister H. UpSet: visualization of intersecting sets. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2014;20:1983\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346248.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"7167_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.15831829","author":"The Pandas Development Team","year":"2025","unstructured":"The Pandas Development Team. pandas-dev\/pandas: pandas. 2025. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15831829."},{"key":"7167_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0684-7","volume":"101","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Bansal GC, Gupta SC, Ray D, Khan MQ, Irshad H, et\u00a0al. Status of tick distribution in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Parasitol Res. 2007;101:207\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-007-0684-7.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7167_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105394","volume":"107","author":"K Thinnabut","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thinnabut K, Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Maleewong W, Tangkawanit U. Genetic diversity of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) populations and molecular detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia infesting beef cattle from upper-northeastern Thailand. Infect Genet Evol. 2023;107:105394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105394.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"7167_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070821","volume":"10","author":"LP Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan LP, Hamdan RH, Hassan BNH, Reduan MFH, Okene IA, Loong SK, et\u00a0al. Rhipicephalus tick: a contextual review for Southeast Asia. Pathogens. 2021;10:821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10070821.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7167_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.11.004","volume":"41","author":"K Oyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oyen K, Poh KC. Rhipicephalus microplus (Southern cattle tick; Asian blue tick). Trends Parasitol. 2025;41:68\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2024.11.004.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7167_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06572-3","volume":"17","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dantas-Torres F, de Sousa-Paula LC, Otranto D. The Rhipicephalus sanguineus group: updated list of species, geographical distribution, and vector competence. Parasit Vectors. 2024;17:540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06572-3.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7167_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251324180","volume":"37","author":"RA Ierardi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ierardi RA. A review of bovine anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) with emphasis on epidemiology and diagnostic testing. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2025;37:517\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387251324180.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"7167_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.012","volume":"167","author":"KM Kocan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kocan KM, de la Fuente J, Blouin EF, Coetzee JF, Ewing SA. The natural history of Anaplasma marginale. Vet Parasitol. 2010;167:95\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.012.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7167_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2804.210249","volume":"28","author":"P Nawtaisong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nawtaisong P, Robinson MT, Khammavong K, Milavong P, Rachlin A, Dittrich S, et\u00a0al. Zoonotic pathogens in wildlife traded in markets for human consumption, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28:860\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2804.210249.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7167_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmicr.2023.100198","volume":"5","author":"SM Makgabo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makgabo SM, Brayton KA, Oosthuizen MC, Collins NE. Unravelling the diversity of Anaplasma species circulating in selected African wildlife hosts by targeted 16S microbiome analysis. Curr Res Microb Sci. 2023;5:100198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crmicr.2023.100198.","journal-title":"Curr Res Microb Sci"},{"key":"7167_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.151969","volume":"22","author":"AJ Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor AJ, Vongphayloth K, Vongsouvath M, Grandadam M, Brey PT, Newton PN, et\u00a0al. Large-scale survey for tickborne bacteria, Khammouan province, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:1635\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2209.151969.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7167_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107384","volume":"260","author":"TTH Dao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dao TTH, Tak\u00e1cs N, Tran TN, Truong AN, Skinner K, Kontsch\u00e1n J, et\u00a0al. Detection of tick-borne pathogens in the pangolin tick, Amblyomma javanense, from Vietnam and Laos, including a novel species of Trypanosoma. Acta Trop. 2024;260:107384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107384.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7167_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7110528","volume":"7","author":"D de Moura Aguiar","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Moura Aguiar D, Pessoa Ara\u00fajo Junior J, Nakazato L, Bard E, Aguilar-Bultet L, Vorimore F, et\u00a0al. Isolation and characterization of a novel pathogenic strain of Ehrlichia minasensis. Microorganisms. 2019;7:528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7110528.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"7167_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11027.x","volume":"849","author":"JV Figueroa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Figueroa JV, Alvarez JA, Ramos JA, Rojas EE, Santiago C, Mosqueda JJ, et\u00a0al. Bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis follow-up on cattle relocated in an endemic area for hemoparasitic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;849:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11027.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"7167_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2917-2921","volume":"5","author":"P Rakwong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rakwong P, Keawchana N, Ngasaman R, Kamyingkird K. Theileria infection in bullfighting cattle in Thailand. Vet World. 2022;5:2917\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2917-2921.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"7167_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.009","volume":"43","author":"M Pf\u00e4ffle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pf\u00e4ffle M, Littwin N, Muders SV, Petney TN. The ecology of tick-borne diseases. Int J Parasitol. 2013;43:1059\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.009.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7167_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.03.004","volume":"10","author":"SA Bursakov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bursakov SA, Kovalchuk SN. Co-infection with tick-borne disease agents in cattle in Russia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019;10:709\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.03.004.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"7167_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.09.008","volume":"32","author":"MA Diuk-Wasser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diuk-Wasser MA, Vannier E, Krause PJ. Coinfection by Ixodes tick-borne pathogens: ecological, epidemiological, and clinical consequences. Trends Parasitol. 2016;32:30\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2015.09.008.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7167_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.041195","volume":"11","author":"VA Rar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rar VA, Fomenko NV, Dobrotvorsky AK, Livanova NN, Rudakova SA, Fedorov EG, et\u00a0al. Tickborne pathogen detection, Western Siberia, Russia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1708\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1111.041195.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7167_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2960-4","volume":"111","author":"S Cao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cao S, Aboge GO, Terkawi MA, Yu L, Kamyingkird K, Luo Y, et\u00a0al. Molecular detection and identification of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle in northern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2012;111:1259\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-012-2960-4.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7167_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.013","volume":"169","author":"M AbouLaila","year":"2010","unstructured":"AbouLaila M, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Development and evaluation of a nested PCR based on spherical body protein 2 gene for the diagnosis of Babesia bovis infection. Vet Parasitol. 2010;169:45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.013.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7167_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.06.002","volume":"63","author":"JF Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang JF, Li YQ, Liu ZJ, Liu JL, Guan GQ, Chen Z, et\u00a0al. Molecular evidence for piroplasms in wild Reeves\u2019 muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) in China. Parasitol Int. 2014;63:713\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2014.06.002.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07167-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07167-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07167-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:09:08Z","timestamp":1768342148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07167-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07167-2","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.15831829","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Khon Kaen University and complied with the Ethics of Animal Experimentation of the National Research Council of Thailand (approval no. 660201.2.31\/149 (32)).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}