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Vaccination is a cost-effective strategy to control\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n infection in dogs. However, although dogs are the definitive hosts and main sources of CE transmission, no effective oral vaccines are currently available for them.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Three\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n proteins, enolase (EgENO), severin (EgSev), and cyclophilin (EgCyc), were selected as novel oral vaccine candidates. These proteins were fused to the CotB spore-coat protein and expressed on the surface of\n Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n spores. A cocktail vaccine comprising the three recombinant spores was orally administered to beagles. Two weeks after the booster immunization, each dog was challenged with 70,000 protoscoleces. At 21\u00a0days post-infection, necropsies were performed to assess the intestinal parasite burden and calculate the worm reduction rates. Fecal and serum samples were collected weekly to measure secretory IgA, IgG, and cytokine responses. Histopathological analysis of intestinal tissues was also performed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The cocktail vaccine reduced intestinal\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n colonization by 62.26% (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05) compared with\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n 168 spore-only controls. Vaccinated dogs developed both mucosal and humoral immune responses against\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n antigens. By day 14 post-boost immunization, serum cytokine profiling revealed that levels of IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, and IL-10 in the vaccinated group were significantly higher than those in the control group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Histopathological analysis confirmed that the vaccine caused no adverse effects and alleviated the intestinal damage induced by the parasite.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This study demonstrates that\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n spores serve as a safe and effective bacterial carrier to deliver\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n antigens, supporting their potential in protecting dogs against\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n infection. The heterogeneity in immune responses among vaccinated dogs should be addressed in future studies to secure consistent herd-level protection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07172-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T05:34:20Z","timestamp":1764567260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral administration of recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores induces protective immunity against Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuoyue","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7172_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","volume":"32","author":"H Wen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, Li J, Vuitton DA, Zhang W, et al. 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