{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T15:42:43Z","timestamp":1793979763196,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The introduction of next-generation insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in Burkina Faso aims to mitigate pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors. This study evaluated the impact of different ITN types on phenotypic resistance and\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutation frequencies in\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensus lacto (s.l.) populations across three health districts over 3\u00a0years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Annual mosquito collections were conducted in Banfora (where pyrethroid\u2013chlorfenapyr nets had been distributed), Gaoua (pyrethroid-only ITNs) and Orodara (pyrethroid\u2013piperonyl butoxide [PBO] ITNs). Two populations were analysed: adult females collected directly from the field and those reared from field-collected larvae. World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility bioassays measured 24-h mortality after exposure to 1\u00d7, 5\u00d7 and 10\u00d7\u2009concentrations of deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin, with and without pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide. Frequencies of\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations\n                      <jats:italic>L995F<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L995S<\/jats:italic>\n                      were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High-intensity resistance was observed in each study district, with mortality consistently below 45% and not reaching WHO thresholds even at 10\u00d7\u2009doses. PBO increased mortality, indicating metabolic resistance, but failed to restore full susceptibility.\n                      <jats:italic>L995F<\/jats:italic>\n                      predominated across all districts, years and mosquito populations.\n                      <jats:italic>L995S<\/jats:italic>\n                      remained low and variable. Pyr-only nets were associated with rising\n                      <jats:italic>L995F<\/jats:italic>\n                      frequencies and lower mortality in resistance assays. Pyrethroid (Pyr)\u2013chlorfenapyr (CFR) nets improved mortality in resistance assays without increasing\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence. Pyr\u2013PBO nets showed partial and inconsistent efficacy, with mosquitoes having mixed patterns in resistance assays. Similar patterns between field and laboratory-reared populations were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ITN type strongly influenced resistance dynamics. Dual-active ingredient (AI) nets, particularly Pyr\u2013CFR, appear more effective in managing resistance. Integrated resistance management combining ITN rotation, routine monitoring and complementary interventions is essential to preserve vector control efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07190-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T14:45:34Z","timestamp":1766241934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential effects of dual and synergist-based insecticide-treated bed nets on pyrethroid resistance and L995F\/S knockdown resistance mutation dynamics in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in south-western Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Madou","family":"Tapsoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wamdaogo Moussa","family":"Guelbeogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Sanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumanaba","family":"Zongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Gogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siaka","family":"Debe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyra","family":"Arnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peder","family":"Digre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Mwesigwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenzie","family":"Tynuv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christen","family":"Fornadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagnon","family":"N\u2019Fal\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Challenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gauthier","family":"Tougri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adama","family":"Gansan\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Ranson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gnankin\u00e9","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Wagman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"7190_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et\u00a0al. 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Ethical clearance was also obtained from the Ethical Committee for Research in health of Burkina Faso health Ministry under reference no. 2019-3-029. Before initiating research activities, community consent was obtained by explaining the study\u2019s aims and objectives to community leaders in each study village. Signed informed consent was obtained from all household owners where mosquito collections were conducted, as well as from collectors and supervisors involved in mosquito sampling through CDC_LT and HLC methods. All collectors and supervisors who participated in the study were provided with free malaria treatment in accordance with the Burkina Faso National Malaria Control Program guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}