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The persistence of transmission is often attributed to increasing insecticide resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato and drug resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. However, additional factors, such as climatic variability, ecological change, and shifts in vector species composition, may also play a role. This study investigated the geographic distribution of secondary malaria vectors and assessed their potential role in sustaining transmission at the national scale.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between 2023 and 2024, mosquito surveys were conducted across the three main ecological zones of Burkina Faso using human landing catches (HLC) and pyrethroid spray catches (PSC). Secondary vector species were identified morphologically. Molecular assays were used to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections and characterize blood-meal origins. Climatic data from national meteorological stations were analyzed to explore associations between environmental variables and species abundance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1718\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes (excluding\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l.) were collected, 688 in 2023 and 1030 in 2024. Five species were identified:\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles nili<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>An. coustani<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>An. pharoensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>An. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Most specimens originated from the Sudan zone, with\n                      <jats:italic>An. nili<\/jats:italic>\n                      overwhelmingly dominant (87.5% of captures in 2023; 93% in 2024). Rainfall and, to a lesser extent, temperature were significantly associated with species abundance at several sites. Most mosquitoes were collected outdoors and showed strong anthropophilic tendencies. Molecular screening detected\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in all species except\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infection was highest in Di\u00e9bougou, with sporadic positive samples in\n                      <jats:italic>An. coustani<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. nili<\/jats:italic>\n                      across both years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Secondary vectors, particularly\n                      <jats:italic>An. nili<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. coustani<\/jats:italic>\n                      , appear to play an increasingly important role in malaria transmission in Burkina Faso. Their outdoor and sometimes opportunistic feeding behaviors highlight limitations of current indoor-focused interventions. These findings underscore the need to broaden surveillance and adapt vector control strategies to include secondary vector species in high-transmission settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07210-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1767578803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beyond Anopheles gambiae sensu lato: exploring the impact of non-dominant Anopheles species on malaria persistence in high-transmission endemic areas of Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Ngaffo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristide S.","family":"Hien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9 D.","family":"Soma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samina","family":"Maiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Sougue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheick Oumar W.","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karama O.","family":"Delphine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier P. 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