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This study investigated the toxic effects of ivermectin on three multiple insecticide-resistant mosquito populations from Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Susceptibility to different insecticides, target-site mutations associated with insecticide resistance, and metabolic resistance mechanisms were determined among field mosquito populations of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato,\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, and susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto\n                      <jats:italic>Kisumu<\/jats:italic>\n                      (laboratory strain). Dose\u2013response bioassays were performed by feeding the mosquito populations with different concentrations of ivermectin dissolved in a 10% sugar solution. Mortality was recorded post-feeding every 12\u00a0h for 48\u00a0h.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The field mosquito populations were resistant to most of the insecticides tested, particularly the pyrethroids. Different\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations and metabolic resistance mechanisms were detected in the field populations. The susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.s.\n                      <jats:italic>Kisumu<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain had a significantly higher hazard of death compared with the insecticide-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. (exhibiting\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations and metabolic resistance mechanisms), across all the ivermectin concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u00a00.001). Furthermore, the lethal doses of ivermectin that killed 95% wild\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. and\n                      <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (permethrin, deltamethrin, and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane [DDT] resistant) were comparable, but lower than the dosage that killed 95% wild\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      with\n                      <jats:italic>F1534C<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>V410L<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>V1016I<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations and metabolic resistance mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study showed that the multiple insecticide-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. population was more tolerant to ivermectin compared with the susceptible strain, but more susceptible to the drug compared with\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These findings suggest heterogeneity in ivermectin responses across the mosquito species and resistant phenotypes, and therefore, further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms underlying these differences and to assess their relevance under broader epidemiological and ecological contexts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07227-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T10:23:51Z","timestamp":1768991031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Toxicity of ivermectin on multiple insecticide-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Aedes aegypti, and Culex mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Obuobi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godwin Kwame","family":"Amlalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Wieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenter","family":"Froeschl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas Adutwum","family":"Kudom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7227_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et\u00a0al. 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