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Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the\n                      <jats:italic>nuoG<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene (346\u00a0bp). Sanger sequencing of the PCR products was performed to assess\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      diversity using phylogenetic analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 60.1% (152\/253) of small mammals and 15.9% (21\/132) of fleas tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (69.1%, 137\/198) and the associated flea\n                      <jats:italic>Synopsyllus fonquerniei<\/jats:italic>\n                      (21.2%, 14\/66) having the highest infection rates. At the same sampled locations, adult\n                      <jats:italic>R. rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were more frequently infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      than juveniles. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five associated clades of\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      with two clades recognized as a potential zoonotic species (\n                      <jats:italic>B. elizabethae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>B. kosoyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using molecular tools, we report a high prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in small mammals and their fleas in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Two potential\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      zoonotic species were identified in\n                      <jats:italic>R. rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and their fleas. As these bacteria are generally vector-borne, they could have a significant impact on public health in the vicinity of our study areas and, in general, in Madagascar, and merit further investigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07233-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:36:41Z","timestamp":1770374201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bartonella infection in small mammals and their ectoparasites from the Central Highlands of Madagascar: diversity and implication in future zoonotic surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lanto Andrianarijaona","family":"Maminirina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamionah N. 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