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This study provides a comprehensive global synthesis of bird-associated ticks (BATs) and bird-associated tick-borne pathogens (BATBPs) to characterize the epidemiological roles of birds and assess the resulting public health and biosecurity risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched multiple bibliographic databases and GenBank up to February 2025 in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Field-based studies reporting bird\u2013tick\u2013pathogen associations were included. Thematic maps showing the geographical distributions of birds, BATs, and BATBPs were produced in ArcGIS, and pooled infestation prevalence was estimated via logit-transformed random-effects meta-analysis with the Hartung\u2013Knapp adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our synthesis of 772 studies and 86 molecular records identified 185 BAT species and 102 BATBPs across 34 avian orders, representing 77.3% of all global orders. Within the BATBP spectrum, 53.9% are zoonotic, and 99 tick species have documented records of human-biting. Passeriformes (songbirds) hosted the greatest tick diversity (129 species), while Galliformes exhibited the highest pooled infestation prevalence (17.6%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200929 studies,\n                      <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918,746 birds). Globally, allochthonous tick records showed relatively high spatial overlap with the Black Sea\u2013Mediterranean and East Atlantic flyways. Critically, we identified a profound surveillance imbalance in Asia, which accounts for only 6.5% of sampling coordinates (26\/397 sites) despite exhibiting a high diversity of emerging pathogens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Birds serve as important contributors to global tick-borne disease epidemiology through local vector maintenance and intercontinental bio-dispersal. They support tick feeding and life-cycle completion and may disperse ticks during migration, facilitating population establishment in new areas. Molecular evidence indicates that birds carry a broad spectrum of tick-borne pathogens; however, the available evidence is largely observational, and experimental validation is required to clarify reservoir competence and transmission. Strengthening integrated One Health surveillance of high-risk hubs, particularly in data-deficient regions such as Asia, is essential to mitigate spillover risk at shifting ecological and migratory interfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07238-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T13:15:55Z","timestamp":1769260555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From flyways to foci: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the role of birds in the maintenance and global dispersal of ticks and tick-borne pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Guo-Yao","family":"Zu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Nian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Tong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Jun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi-Jing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Ting","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wu-Chun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"7238_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-022-00889-1","volume":"42","author":"S Gupta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta S, Gupta S, Kumar S. 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