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In tropical regions, landscape heterogeneity is a key driver of tick\u2013host associations, yet comprehensive studies across diverse habitats remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated tick infestations on a wide range of animal hosts across four major habitat types comprising natural forests, oil palm plantations, rural villages, and urban areas in Peninsular Malaysia from 2022 to 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 1277 hosts of 38 families and 79 species examined, 270 (21.1%) were infested with 1985 ixodid ticks, representing 16 ixodid species. The most abundant tick species were\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis wellingtoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0(44.7%),\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Amblyomma cordiferum<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0(19.7%), and\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>semermis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (9.6%). Network and correspondence analyses revealed distinct tick\u2013host\u2013habitat associations:\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>A. cordiferum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>H. semermis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>hystricis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Ixodes granulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0were strongly associated with natural forests, whereas\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>H. wellingtoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0predominated in oil palm plantations and rural villages on domestic and jungle fowl (\n                      <jats:italic>Gallus gallus domesticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0and\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Wild boar (\n                      <jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) hosted the most diverse tick species, particularly in urban and rural settings. Notably,\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>varanense<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0exhibited strict specificity to reptiles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate the influence of habitat on tick\u2013host interactions, offering critical insights for targeted surveillance and integrated One Health strategies to mitigate tick-borne disease risks in rapidly changing tropical ecosystems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07260-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T18:33:22Z","timestamp":1769884402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tick\u2013host associations across contrasting habitats in tropical Peninsular Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nurul Aini","family":"Husin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Haiqal Syarriman","family":"AbdulRahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rasul Abdullah","family":"Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Auni Atikah","family":"AbdulHalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Al Amin Mohd-Redzuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Nur Athirah","family":"Azman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tharane","family":"Ganasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norhidayu","family":"Sahimin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Lun","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edley A.","family":"Jiliun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Khusaini Mohd Kharip","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Makepeace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sazaly","family":"AbuBakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubaidah","family":"Ya\u2019cob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"7260_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12101258","volume":"12","author":"J de la Fuente","year":"2023","unstructured":"de la Fuente J, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Rafael M, Almaz\u00e1n C, Berm\u00fadez S, Abdelbaset AE, et\u00a0al. 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