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Its lethality to\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes that have fed on treated hosts represents a promising malaria control strategy, particularly against outdoor transmission. However, standard oral formulations for use in humans produce short-lived mosquitocidal blood concentrations, limiting epidemiological impact. To meet WHO Preferred Product Characteristics (PPC) for endectocides against malaria vectors (hazard ratio [HR]\u2009&gt;\u20094 for at least 1 month), we developed three long-acting injectable ivermectin formulations (LAIFs) based on BEPO\u00ae depot technology (MedinCell, Jacou, France) and compared these in cattle to identify the most suitable candidate for future use in humans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cattle\u2013\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      model was used under laboratory conditions in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Three LAIF candidates (mdc-STM-001, mdc-STM-002, mdc-STM-003) were injected into calves (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095 per formulation) at 0.6\u00a0mg\/kg body weight, with untreated calves as controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095). Plasma ivermectin concentrations were measured over 130\u00a0days post-injection and analyzed using non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Direct skin feeding assays were conducted at 15 time points (days 2\u2013126 post-injection) using insecticide-susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kisumu (KIS) and wild-derived resistant (VK5)\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonies. Efficacy was assessed based on 10-day cumulative mortalities, HRs, 50% lethal concentrations (LC50) and duration of exposure above the 10-day LC50, also accounting for the extrinsic incubation period of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All formulations were well tolerated. The mdc-STM-001 formulation showed the most favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, with a controlled peak concentration (Cmax) of\u200934.5\u2009\u00b1\u200912.7\u00a0ng\/ml and the lowest inter-individual variability (12%). Ten-day HRs exceeded 4 and cumulative mortalities were\u2009&gt;\u200950% for at least 60\u00a0days in both strains. Median mosquito lifespan remained below 10\u00a0days for at least 90\u00a0days post-injection. The 10-day LC50 for resistant mosquitoes (3.66, 95% confidence interval 2.69\u20134.97 ng\/ml) was maintained for\u2009\u2265\u2009126\u00a0days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mdc-STM-001 formulation was identified as the optimal candidate for future use in humans. A single injection induced sustained mosquitocidal efficacy for at least 2\u00a0months, achieving HR\u2009&gt;\u20094 against both susceptible and resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations and meeting WHO PPC for malaria endectocides. Although extrapolation from cattle to humans requires caution, the favorable PK profile and robust entomological outcomes support progression to phase 1 clinical trials. Ivermectin\u2019s established safety record further strengthens the rationale for clinical development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07263-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:24:54Z","timestamp":1778077494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Selection of the optimal long-acting injectable formulation of ivermectin for use in humans to target malaria vectors in Western Africa: evaluation of pharmacokinetics and mosquitocidal efficacy in cattle under laboratory conditions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lamidi","family":"Zela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si\u00e9 Hermann","family":"Pooda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lique","family":"Porciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Beneteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Barembaye","family":"Sagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Le Lamer-D\u00e9champs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Moiroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheick Oumar Wendpagnand\u00e9","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anyir\u00e9kun Fabrice","family":"Som\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Pennetier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Roberge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien Marie Gaston","family":"Belem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koumbobr Roch","family":"Dabir\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiguigbaza-Kossigan","family":"Dayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Mouline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"7263_CR1","unstructured":"World malaria report 2025 [Internet]. 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ILAR J. 2016;57:333\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ilar\/ilw035.","journal-title":"ILAR J"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07263-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07263-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07263-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:30:31Z","timestamp":1779294631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07263-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07263-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.07.23.665952","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study is part of IMPACT project that was approved by the CIRDES ethics committee under letter no. 004\u201310\/2020 CEB-CIRDES. The study involving animals was conducted ethically following the governance of animal care and use for scientific purposes in Africa and the Middle East [\n                      \n                      ].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors and contributors currently or formerly employed at Medincell S.A. did not influence data collection, data analysis, manuscript writing, decision to publish, or conclusions presented in this paper. The other authors are not shareholders of Medincell S.A. and declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"226"}}