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To assess the risk of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission, host exposure to sand fly bites can be measured through the detection of host antibodies to vector salivary proteins. Anti-sand fly saliva antibodies are elicited by repeated exposure of the mammalian host to sand fly salivary proteins deposited into the host skin during blood feeding. These antibodies are species-specific and correlate with the intensity of host exposure to sand fly bites. The aim of our study was to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) on the basis of recombinant sand fly salivary antigens as tools to measure exposure to sand fly bites, hence serving as risk markers for\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission. We focused on two Old World vector sand fly species:\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus tobbi<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a vector of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a vector of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dog sera from endemic areas in T\u00fcrkiye were used to characterise the main salivary antigens of\n                      <jats:italic>P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P. tobbi<\/jats:italic>\n                      in immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assays, followed by proteomic analysis. Four candidate salivary proteins from each species were expressed in\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and subsequently evaluated and validated in an ELISA as potential risk markers of dog exposure to sand flies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the eight tested recombinant candidates,\n                      <jats:italic>P. tobbi<\/jats:italic>\n                      rSP38 (a yellow-related protein),\n                      <jats:italic>P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      rSP36 (an apyrase) and\n                      <jats:italic>P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      rSP42 (a yellow-related protein) were identified as the most reliable antigens to replace salivary gland homogenate (SGH) in serological assays. They demonstrated high correlation with SGH and exhibited high sensitivity and specificity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These recombinant antigens can be developed into a standardized assay to measure dog exposure to sand flies, which can serve as a complementing tool for leishmaniasis surveillance and control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07286-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T09:05:03Z","timestamp":1772183103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of new screening tools to evaluate dog exposure to Phlebotomus tobbi and Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Kol\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2773-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krist\u00fdna","family":"Jel\u00ednkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1721-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"P\u0159ibylov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9174-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suha K.","family":"Arserim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3170-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metin","family":"Pekagirbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7111-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kardelen","family":"Yetismis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6163-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umut","family":"Berberoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2853-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Unal","family":"Altug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"\u00d6zbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5957-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seray","family":"T\u00f6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1790-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Volf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2545-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7286_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2024.01.001","volume":"209","author":"C Maia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maia C. 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