{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T08:53:51Z","timestamp":1779008031277,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eosinophilia is common in immigrants and travelers and is often linked to parasitic infections. While well-known helminths are routinely considered,\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. remains underrecognized despite its global prevalence. This study aimed to identify undiagnosed\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in migrant and traveler patients from tropical and subtropical regions with eosinophilia of unknown etiology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We retrospectively analyzed patients evaluated at the Tropical Medicine Unit of the Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca between 2008 and 2023. Eligible participants were immigrants or travelers from tropical and subtropical regions with eosinophilia and complete clinical records. Noninfectious causes were excluded before testing. Serum samples from patients without a confirmed parasitic diagnosis were screened for anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and positive results were confirmed via western blot. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, and univariate analyses were used to assess associations with\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 192 patients tested, 44 (23.0%) were positive by ELISA, and 41 of 192 patients were confirmed by Western blot, the three discordant cases were considered indeterminate. Most were immigrants (37 of 41; 90%) from Africa (21 of 41; 51.2%) and Latin America (20 of 41; 48.8%), with a mean age of 28\u00a0years. Absolute eosinophilia was present in 70.5% of the positive patients, with a median eosinophil count of 946.4\u00a0cells\/\u03bcL and a median total IgE level of 473\u00a0U\/mL. Common symptoms included gastrointestinal complaints (41.7%), pruritus (37.5%), and fever (12.5%), while 40.9% were asymptomatic. Eosinophilia\u2009&lt;\u20091000\u00a0cells\/\u03bcL was significantly associated with seropositivity (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3\u20137.6;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is an important and frequently underrecognized cause of eosinophilia in immigrants and travelers. The systematic inclusion of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      serology in the workup of unexplained eosinophilia, after ruling out common etiologies, may improve detection and guide management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07300-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T18:56:28Z","timestamp":1771613788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxocariasis in immigrants and travelers with unexplained eosinophilia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Ni\u00f1o-Puerto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Pendones Ulerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Pardo Lled\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Mu\u00f1oz Bellido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moncef","family":"Belhassen-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"7300_CR1","first-page":"62","volume":"30","author":"J Salas-Coronas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salas-Coronas J, Ram\u00edrez-Olivencia G, P\u00e9rez-Arellano JL, Belhassen-Garc\u00eda M, Carranza-Rodr\u00edguez C, Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez M, et al. 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All procedures were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (CEIm PI 2023\/10 1448) prior to the start of the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for study participation and provision of serum samples.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not include confidential data, images, or videos.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"133"}}