{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:31:38Z","timestamp":1777901498742,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Education Commission","award":["KJQN202001614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202001614"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Olfactory detection of host odors is fundamental to mosquito host-seeking behavior. Although the olfactory pathways of model species such as\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      have been well characterized, the molecular basis of human odor detection in\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , an important malaria vector in Asia with opportunistic feeding habits, remains poorly understood. This study systematically investigates the functional role of the odorant-binding protein AsOBP21f in this process.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>AsOBP21f<\/jats:italic>\n                      was cloned and characterized using bioinformatics, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), and phylogenetic analyses. Recombinant AsOBP21f protein was expressed and purified for fluorescence competitive binding assays with 35 human odorants. Molecular docking was performed to elucidate ligand-binding interactions. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings and behavioral assays were conducted to evaluate mosquito responses to high-affinity ligands. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown was used to assess the functional role of\n                      <jats:italic>AsOBP21f<\/jats:italic>\n                      in host-seeking and blood-feeding behavior.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>AsOBP21f<\/jats:italic>\n                      was predominantly expressed in olfactory tissues of mosquito females, including the antennae and proboscis. Its protein exhibited notable selectivity for hydrophobic odor molecules with C10\u2013C15 carbon chains, and had strong binding affinities for methyl tridecanoate, dodecanal, decanal, and pentadecanoic acid. Behavioral experiments further demonstrated dose-dependent effects of these ligands; methyl tridecanoate showed significant attraction, while dodecanal exhibited clear repellency. RNAi-mediated silencing of\n                      <jats:italic>AsOBP21f<\/jats:italic>\n                      significantly reduced the antennal electrophysiological response of mosquito females to host odors and markedly decreased blood-feeding success.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results highlight the role of\n                      <jats:italic>AsOBP21f<\/jats:italic>\n                      in host-seeking behavior through the detection of human odors, such as methyl tridecanoate, in\n                      <jats:italic>An. sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , providing a potential target for malaria control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07333-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T14:26:05Z","timestamp":1774275965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional characterization of AsOBP21f, an odorant-binding protein involved in human odor detection in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ou","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shulin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengbo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"7333_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12146","volume":"50","author":"T Farjana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farjana T, Tuno N. Multiple blood feeding and host-seeking behavior in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2013;50:838\u201346.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7333_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Z Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Z, Liu F, Liu N. Human odour coding in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7333_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.09.012","volume":"38","author":"IV Coutinho-Abreu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coutinho-Abreu IV, Riffell JA, Akbari OS. Human attractive cues and mosquito host-seeking behavior. Trends Parasitol. 2022;38:246\u201364.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7333_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.025","volume":"111","author":"WJ Laursen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laursen WJ, Budelli G, Tang R, Chang EC, Busby R, Shankar S, et al. Humidity sensors that alert mosquitoes to nearby hosts and egg-laying sites. Neuron. 2023;111:874-887.e8.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"7333_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980990v","volume":"71","author":"UR Bernier","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bernier UR, Booth MM, Yost RA. Analysis of human skin emanations by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry. 1. Thermal desorption of attractants for the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) from handled glass beads. Anal Chem. 1999;71:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"7333_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005475422978","volume":"26","author":"J Meijerink","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meijerink J, Braks MAH, Brack AA, Adam W, Dekker T, Posthumus MA, et al. Identification of olfactory stimulants for Anopheles gambiae from human sweat samples. J Chem Ecol. 2000;26:1367\u201382.","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"7333_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19254-w","volume":"12","author":"JE Bello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bello JE, Card\u00e9 RT. Compounds from human odor induce attraction and landing in female yellow fever mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). Sci Rep. 2022;12:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7333_CR8","first-page":"1017","volume":"97","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhang Y, Qiao L, He S, He X, He C, et al. AsOBP1 is required for host seeking in the malaria vector mosquito. Anopheles sinensis J Pest Sci. 2024;97:1017\u201332.","journal-title":"Anopheles sinensis J Pest Sci"},{"key":"7333_CR9","first-page":"338","volume":"47","author":"RC Smallegange","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smallegange RC, Knols BGJ, Takken W. Effectiveness of synthetic versus natural human volatiles as attractants for Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) sensu stricto. J Med Entomol. 2010;47:338\u201344.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7333_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy015","volume":"55","author":"J Tian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tian J, Mao J, Yu B, Fouad H, Ga\u2019al H, Mao G, et al. Laboratory and field evaluation of multiple compound attractants to Culex pipiens pallens. J Med Entomol. 2018;55:787\u201394.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7333_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00627.x","volume":"20","author":"YT Qiu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Qiu YT, Smallegange RC, Van Loon JJA, Ter Braak CJF, Takken W. Interindividual variation in the attractiveness of human odours to the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s. s. Med Vet Entomol. 2006;20:280\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"7333_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"SM Omrani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Omrani SM, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Shokri F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, et al. Differential responses of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to skin emanations of a man, a cow, and a Guinea pig in the olfactometer. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2010;4:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis"},{"key":"7333_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27141","volume":"6","author":"NO Verhulst","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verhulst NO, Weldegergis BT, Menger D, Takken W. Attractiveness of volatiles from different body parts to the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii is affected by deodorant compounds. Sci Rep. 2016;6:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7333_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5058","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308146101","volume":"101","author":"RJ Pitts","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pitts RJ, Fox AN, Zwiebeil LJ. A highly conserved candidate chemoreceptor expressed in both olfactory and gustatory tissues in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:5058\u201363.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"7333_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601107103","volume":"103","author":"HW Kwon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kwon HW, Lu T, R\u00fctzler M, Zwiebel LJ. Olfactory response in a gustatory organ of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:13526\u201331.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"7333_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.07.062","volume":"17","author":"T Lu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lu T, Qiu YT, Wang G, Kwon JY, Rutzler M, Kwon HW, et al. Odor coding in the maxillary palp of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Curr Biol. 2007;17:1533\u201344.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"7333_CR17","first-page":"125","volume":"46","author":"T Seenivasagan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seenivasagan T, Sharma KR, Shrivastava A, Parashar BD, Pant SC, Prakash S. Surface morphology and morphometric analysis of sensilla of Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse): an SEM investigation. J Vector Borne Dis. 2009;46:125\u201335.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"7333_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153635","volume":"58","author":"WS Leal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leal WS. Odorant reception in insects: roles of receptors, binding proteins, and degrading enzymes. Annu Rev Entomol. 2013;58:373\u201391.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"7333_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.10.008","volume":"23","author":"HJ Ko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ko HJ, Park TH. Enhancement of odorant detection sensitivity by the expression of odorant-binding protein. Biosens Bioelectron. 2008;23:1017\u201323.","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"7333_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009471","volume":"5","author":"H Biessmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Biessmann H, Andronopoulou E, Biessmann MR, Douris V, Dimitratos SD, Eliopoulos E, et al. The Anopheles gambiae odorant binding protein 1 (AgamOBP1) mediates indole recognition in the antennae of female mosquitoes. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e9471.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7333_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2010.09.004","volume":"75","author":"G Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang G, Winberg G, Ren H, Zhang S. Expression, purification and functional analysis of an odorant binding protein AaegOBP22 from Aedes aegypti. Protein Expr Purif. 2011;75:165\u201371.","journal-title":"Protein Expr Purif"},{"key":"7333_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068836","volume":"8","author":"Y Deng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deng Y, Yan H, Gu J, Xu J, Wu K, Tu Z, et al. Molecular and functional characterization of odorant-binding protein genes in an invasive vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e68836.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7333_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12333","volume":"23","author":"X He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He X, He Z, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xian P, Qiao L, et al. Genome-wide identification and characterization of odorant-binding protein (OBP) genes in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Insect Sci. 2016;23:366\u201376.","journal-title":"Insect Sci"},{"key":"7333_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05259-x","volume":"15","author":"Z He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He Z, Yu Z, He X, Hao Y, Qiao L, Luo S, et al. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of odorant receptor genes in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7333_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6954","volume":"78","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, He X, Qiao L, Yu Z, Chen B, He ZB. CRISPR\/Cas9 mediates efficient site-specific mutagenesis of the odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis. Pest Manag Sci. 2022;78:3294\u2013304.","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"7333_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990963k","volume":"72","author":"UR Bernier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bernier UR, Kline DL, Barnard D, Schreck C, Yost RA, et al. Analysis of human skin emanations by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry. 2. Identification of volatile compounds that are candidate attractants for the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti). Anal Chem. 2000;72:747\u201356.","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"7333_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2017.03.003","volume":"20","author":"JI Raji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raji JI, DeGennaro M. Genetic analysis of mosquito detection of humans. Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2017;20:34\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"7333_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-022-09812-5","volume":"35","author":"DS Benjamin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benjamin DS, Brogan AA, Jan EB, Ring TC. L-lactic and 2-ketoglutaric acids, odors from human skin, govern attraction and landing in host-seeking female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. J Insect Behav. 2022;35:213\u201326.","journal-title":"J Insect Behav"},{"key":"7333_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.09.034","volume":"185","author":"ME De Obaldia","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Obaldia ME, Morita T, Dedmon LC, Boehmler DJ, Jiang CS, Zeledon EV, et al. Differential mosquito attraction to humans is associated with skin-derived carboxylic acid levels. Cell. 2022;185:4099-4116.e13.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"7333_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2003.00440.x","volume":"12","author":"PX Xu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Xu PX, Zwiebelt LJ, Smith DP. Identification of a distinct family of genes encoding atypical odorant-binding proteins in the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Insect Mol Biol. 2003;12:549\u201360.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"7333_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006237","volume":"4","author":"J Peiletier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peiletier J, Leal WS. Genome analysis and expression patterns of odorant-binding proteins from the Southern House mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e6237.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7333_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2011.04.003","volume":"57","author":"J Pelletier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pelletier J, Leal WS. Characterization of olfactory genes in the antennae of the Southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. J Insect Physiol. 2011;57:915\u201329.","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"7333_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.20047","volume":"58","author":"ZX Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li ZX, Pickett JA, Field LM, Zhou JJ. Identification and expression of odorant-binding proteins of the malaria-carrying mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2005;58:175\u201389.","journal-title":"Arch Insect Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"7333_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302496","volume":"19","author":"H Pullmann-Lindsley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pullmann-Lindsley H, Huff RM, Boyi J, Pitts RJ. Odorant receptors for floral- and plant-derived volatiles in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). PLoS ONE. 2024;19:1\u201316.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7333_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6.614","volume":"6","author":"D Schymura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schymura D, Forstner M, Schultze A, Kr\u00f6ber T, Swevers L, Iatrou K, et al. Antennal expression pattern of two olfactory receptors and an odorant binding protein implicated in host odor detection by the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Int J Biol Sci. 2010;6:614\u201326.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"7333_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106883","volume":"26","author":"OG David","year":"2023","unstructured":"David OG, Sanchez KM, Arce AV, Costa-da-Silva AL, Bellantuono AJ, DeGennaro M. Fertility decline in female mosquitoes is regulated by the orco olfactory co-receptor. iScience. 2023;26:106883.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"7333_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn5758","volume":"11","author":"T Morita","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morita T, Lyn NG, von Heynitz RK, Goldman OV, Sorrells TR, DeGennaro M, et al. Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans. Sci Adv. 2025;11:eadn5758.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"7333_CR38","first-page":"1601","volume":"27","author":"XF He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He XF, Zhang JJ, Qiao L, Chen B, He Z. Cloning and expression of odorant binding protein AsinOBP62 in Anopheles sinensis and its binding characteristics with human volatiles. Chin J Appl Environ Biol. 2021;27:1601\u20138.","journal-title":"Chin J Appl Environ Biol"},{"key":"7333_CR39","first-page":"158","volume":"64","author":"JJ Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang JJ, He XF, Zhang TT, Si FL, Chen B, He Z. cDNA cloning and expression profiling of the odorant binding protein AsinOBP2 in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) and analysis of its binding characteristics with human odorants. Acta Entomol Sin. 2021;64:158\u201369.","journal-title":"Acta Entomol Sin"},{"key":"7333_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08834","volume":"464","author":"AF Carey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carey AF, Wang G, Su CY, Zwiebel LJ, Carlson JR. Odorant reception in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Nature. 2010;464:66\u201371.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7333_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002007","volume":"7","author":"DP Tchouassi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tchouassi DP, Sang R, Sole CL, Bastos AD, Teal PE, Borgemeister C, et al. Common host-derived chemicals increase catches of disease-transmitting mosquitoes and can improve early warning systems for Rift Valley fever virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2007.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7333_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.207","volume":"43","author":"SN Puri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Puri SN, Mendki MJ, Sukumaran D, Ganesan K, Prakash S, Sekhar K. Electroantennogram and behavioral responses of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) females to chemicals found in human skin emanations. J Med Entomol. 2006;43:207\u201313.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7333_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260149","volume":"16","author":"MO Omolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omolo MO, Ndiege IO, Hassanali A. Semiochemical signatures associated with differential attraction of Anopheles gambiae to human feet. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0260149.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07333-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07333-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07333-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:02:54Z","timestamp":1777633374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07333-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07333-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical approval was required as all analyses were performed on samples.submitted by veterinarians for diagnostic purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"196"}}