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Clinical signs may include coughing, exercise intolerance, abnormal heart sounds, and lethargy, which can lead to heart failure and death in severe cases. For accurate diagnosis, the American Heartworm Society (AHS) recommends testing dogs annually for the detection of heartworm antigens and microfilariae. In this study, we assessed the prevalence and potential risk factors for\n                      <jats:italic>D.\u00a0immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in dogs from Albuquerque, New Mexico, using antigen and microfilariae detection tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2023, serum and whole-blood samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009402) were collected from dogs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, as part of a larger study to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Onchocerca lupi<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Serum samples were screened for\n                      <jats:italic>D.\u00a0immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      using a commercially available antigen-detection ELISA (DiroCHEK\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , Zoetis) with pre- and post-immune complex dissociation (ICD) via heat treatment, although this is not currently recommended by AHS. Following genomic DNA extraction, we also screened whole blood using a newly optimized probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. To assess the potential association between\n                      <jats:italic>D.\u00a0immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      presence and risk factors, including age, sex, breed group, and coat color, a univariate analysis was performed using Fisher\u2019s exact test or the chi-squared test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum of 4 (0.99%) dogs tested antigen-positive pre-ICD, while 14 (3.47%) dogs tested antigen-positive post-ICD. We did not detect any positive dogs for\n                      <jats:italic>D.\u00a0immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      microfilariae by the probe-based qPCR. No risk factors were associated with the detection of the\n                      <jats:italic>D.\u00a0immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen in this dog population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although microfilariae were not detected in this study, it is possible that infections were in the early stages of disease progression, with\n                      <jats:italic>D.\u00a0immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      detected in pre- and post-ICD via antigen testing. Low seroprevalence and the absence of microfilariae DNA detected highlight the importance of using both pre- and post-ICD antigen detection alongside molecular-based microfilariae tests, particularly for companion animals living in low-endemic regions and for shelter populations that are less likely to be on heartworm prevention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07341-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:23:09Z","timestamp":1787217789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence and molecular surveillance of Dirofilaria immitis in shelter dogs from central New Mexico, USA"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Maureen A.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa","family":"Starnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Schech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael A. 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