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Since 2008, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Israel have conducted nationwide, periodic sand fly surveys. Initially, these surveys focused on localities with known endemic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis, but in recent years, entomological trapping has expanded to areas where prior information on sand flies was unavailable. Here we report the first confirmed occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>(Larroussius)<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Parrot, 1936) in Israel and place the Israeli material in a comparative phylogeographic context.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Entomological surveys by CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      trapping were conducted in the Negev Desert, southern Israel, between 2020 and 2024. Morphological sand fly identification was confirmed by sequencing fragments of the mitochondrial\n                      <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Cytb<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>NADH1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. For a newly reported species, we inferred intraspecific phylogenetic relationships and divergence times between major clades. A subset of females was additionally screened for\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA and vertebrate blood-meal sources by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with high-resolution melt analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Targeted surveys and routine surveillance in the Negev region between 2020 and 2024 yielded 269\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (96 males, 173 females) among other species of local sand fly fauna from multiple wadi systems in the central Negev. These detections constitute the first confirmed records of\n                      <jats:italic>Ph.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Israel. Species identification was confirmed through both morphological examination and molecular analyses of partial\n                      <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Cytb<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>NADH1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Israeli\n                      <jats:italic>Ph.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimens constitute a distinct lineage that diverged from East African conspecifics during the Early to Middle Pleistocene. Blood-meal analysis of engorged\n                      <jats:italic>Ph.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      females identified the European hare as a vertebrate host, and none of the tested\n                      <jats:italic>Ph.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimens were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a confirmed vector of\n                      <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the main agent of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa. Its detection as a distinct and apparently long-established lineage in the Negev, in a region where parasites of the\n                      <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex are already involved in cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission, highlights the need to clarify the distribution, ecology, and host preferences of\n                      <jats:italic>Ph.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Israel. Further studies are required to characterize its spatial and seasonal occurrence, evaluate its vector competence for\n                      <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and assess its potential contribution to current and future leishmaniasis transmission risks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07358-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T18:35:46Z","timestamp":1774809346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First record of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis (Parrot, 1936) (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Israel: phylogeographic placement and implications for leishmaniasis surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Debora","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Kniha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Koblm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liora","family":"Studentsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirly Lea","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Ben Avi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simcha","family":"Shilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shira","family":"Kalmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fouad","family":"Akad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itay","family":"Naveh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shay","family":"Reicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Davidovich-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laor","family":"Orshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar David","family":"Kirstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"7358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2","volume":"17","author":"R Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Killick-Kendrick R. 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