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Although long considered rare and of limited clinical impact, recent records reveal a wider geographic range, diverse vector associations, and increasing involvement in American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Advances in molecular and genomic studies have clarified its taxonomy and uncovered notable biological and genetic variability. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the distribution, vectors, reservoirs, pathogenicity, and clinical relevance of\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    . (\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .)\n                    <jats:italic>lainsoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , highlighting emerging evidence that challenges earlier assumptions and emphasizing key research gaps for improving surveillance and understanding of its transmission dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07368-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:36:05Z","timestamp":1774460165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Revisiting Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni Silveira, Shaw, Braga, and Ishikawa, 1987: current knowledge and emerging perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Thais Gouvea","family":"de Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marliane Batista","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Tobias","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Vasconcelos dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"7368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002092","volume":"145","author":"OA Espinosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Espinosa OA, Serrano MG, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG, Shaw JJ. 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