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However, the extent of environmental contamination by\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs remains understudied and poses significant risks to human and animal health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 2019 to 2021, we collected 631 canid fecal samples (296 from dogs and 335 from foxes) and 398 adjacent soil samples across endemic counties in the Three-River-Source Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Multiplex real-time PCR was employed to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species DNA in feces and soil samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence in canid feces was 7.13% (45\/631), with 3.01% in\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (19\/631), 2.06% in\n                      <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13\/631), and 2.06% in\n                      <jats:italic>E. shiquicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13\/631). Foxes presented increased\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3.88%, 13\/335) and\n                      <jats:italic>E. shiquicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2.69%, 9\/335) infections, whereas dogs presented increased\n                      <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence (2.70%, 8\/296). Soil contamination with\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0species was detected in 2.51% (10\/398) of the samples. The primary contaminants were\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0and\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>E. shiquicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0(1.01% each, 4\/398), whereas\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0was less frequent (0.50%, 2\/398). Moreover, the soil near fox feces was contaminated with both\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. shiquicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas the dog-associated soil was contaminated with all three species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study suggests widespread environmental deposition of\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, driven by canid defecation. If these eggs remain viable, their persistence in soil would indicate a potential zoonotic transmission risk, highlighting the need for integrated control strategies targeting both domestic and wild canids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07369-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T07:14:13Z","timestamp":1774250053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of environmental contamination with Echinococcus spp. through DNA detection in free-roaming canid feces and soil in human echinococcosis hotspots from the Three-River-Source Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xueyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuying","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Duo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yadong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingna","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"7369_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","volume":"32","author":"H Wen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, Li J, Vuitton DA, Zhang W, et al. 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