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With the growing resistance to synthetic acaricides and increasing concerns about environmental and human safety, identifying effective and ecofriendly alternatives has become a pressing need. This study evaluated the fumigant and contact toxicities of ylang-ylang (\n                      <jats:italic>Cananga odorata<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) essential oil (EO) and three plant-derived compounds, lilial, cinene, and \u03b1-amylcinnamaldehyde, against\n                      <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis doenitzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and explored their underlying mechanisms of action.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The acaricidal potential of\n                      <jats:italic>C. odorata<\/jats:italic>\n                      EO, lilial, cinene, and \u03b1-amylcinnamaldehyde against\n                      <jats:italic>H. doenitzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      was evaluated through in vitro (fumigation and immersion tests) and subsequent biochemical effects experiments. Surviving adult ticks treated with the semi-lethal concentration (LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were homogenized to detect GST, Na\u207a\/K\u207a-ATPase, AchE, and CarE activities, and HDABCE1, HD-GSTa, and\n                      <jats:italic>HDCYP450a<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcripts were quantified via reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2013qPCR). Homology models of the three proteins were built and docked with lilial, cinene, and \u03b1-amylcinnamaldehyde to predict binding sites and affinities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the fumigation assay,\n                      <jats:italic>C. odorata<\/jats:italic>\n                      EO and lilial showed the highest activity with the lowest LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      value (27.904 and 27.173\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively), outperforming cinene and \u03b1-amylcinnamaldehyde. In the immersion test, all substances exhibited significant acaricidal activity, with \u03b1-amylcinnamaldehyde achieving 100% mortality in both nymphs and adults at 50\u00a0mg\/mL after 24\u00a0h. \u03b1-Amylcinnamaldehyde LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 4.4\u00a0mg\/mL for nymphs and 10.8\u00a0mg\/mL for adults. Enzyme assays indicated that lilial and\n                      <jats:italic>C. odorata<\/jats:italic>\n                      EO significantly inhibited GST and AchE, while cinene and \u03b1-amylcinnamaldehyde primarily induced CarE activity. Gene expression analysis further revealed that cinene and\n                      <jats:italic>C. odorata<\/jats:italic>\n                      EO significantly upregulated HD-GSTa and HD-CYP450ais&gt;; lilial and\n                      <jats:italic>C. odorata<\/jats:italic>\n                      EO strongly elevated HDABCE1, and \u03b1-amylcinnamaldehyde markedly induced HD-CYP450ais&gt;. Molecular docking supported these findings, showing that each compound interacts with HD-GSTa, HD-CYP450a, and HD-ABCE1 proteins through distinct binding modes, consistent with their differential mechanisms of action.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cananga odorata<\/jats:italic>\n                      EO, cinene, lilial, and \u03b1-amylcinnamaldehyde potently exhibit acaricidal activity via distinct but complementary disruption of detox enzymes, neurotransmission, and efflux pumps, offering a basis for novel plant-derived acaricides.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07427-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T18:52:15Z","timestamp":1780944735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acaricidal efficacy and biochemical effects of Cananga odorata essential oil and three selected compounds against Haemaphysalis doenitzi (Acari: Ixodidae)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Songbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxiao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haokun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengxu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Ghonaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"7427_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70233","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70233","volume":"39","author":"SR Teichner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Teichner SR, Powell LL, Mazepa AS. 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