{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:45:23Z","timestamp":1792788323557,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":131,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Scientific and Technological Research Projects of Henan Province","award":["252102110019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102110019"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous innovation project of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2025ZC150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZC150"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vdyrj80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the earmarked fund for CARS","award":["CARS-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-35"]}]},{"name":"the Special Fund for Henan Agriculture Research System","award":["HARS-22-12-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HARS-22-12-S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Toxoplasmosis is a globally prevalent zoonosis caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a parasite that infects nearly all warm-blooded animals, including humans, cats, and pigs. Beyond incurring substantial economic losses to the swine industry,\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection poses a severe threat to public health, as pigs, which are key intermediate hosts for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission, serve as a major source of human infection via the food chain. Thus, developing specific, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-perform detection methods for porcine\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is of paramount importance for the prevention, control, and eventual eradication of this pathogen in swine populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To address this need, a novel colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip (CGIS) was developed for the rapid serological detection of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in swine. The strip was constructed using recombinant surface antigen 1 (SAG1) expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell system, which ensures that the protein retains native antigenic epitopes. The purified SAG1 protein was conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles and loaded onto a conjugate pad, while staphylococcal protein A and a polyclonal anti-SAG1 antibody were immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane to form the test line (T line) and control line (C line), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical validation demonstrated that the developed CGIS exhibits high specificity, with no cross-reactivity to sera positive for 13 common porcine pathogens. The strip achieved a visual limit of detection of 1:25,600 dilution of positive serum. In parallel, a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit yielded positive results up to a 1:800 dilution according to the manufacturer\u2019s diagnostic cutoff. Importantly, evaluation of 300 clinical porcine serum samples demonstrated a 98.3% concordance rate with the reference microscopic agglutination test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This SAG1-based CGIS provides a practical, user-friendly tool for large-scale surveillance and on-farm screening of porcine toxoplasmosis, thereby offering potential support for the prevention and control of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in pigs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07435-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:58:02Z","timestamp":1779357482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a SAG1-based colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for rapid serological detection of swine Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xin-xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangxu","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weitao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songlin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2021.0039","volume":"18","author":"VG Papatsiros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papatsiros VG, Athanasiou LV, Kostoulas P, Giannakopoulos A, Tzika E, Billinis C. Toxoplasma gondii infection in swine: implications for public health. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2021;18:823\u201340.","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"7435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.04.012","volume":"269","author":"M Foroutan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foroutan M, Fakhri Y, Riahi SM, Ebrahimpour S, Namroodi S, Taghipour A, et al. The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol. 2019;269:42\u201352.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7435_CR3","first-page":"101","volume":"5","author":"E-S Yu","year":"1957","unstructured":"Yu E-S, Chen T-S, Lin S-C. The occurrence of  Toxoplasma  in cats and rabbits in Fukien, China. Acta Microbiol Sin. 1957;5:101\u2013110.","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Sin"},{"key":"7435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01825","volume":"8","author":"M Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan M, Lyu C, Zhao J, Shen B. Sixty years (1957\u20132017) of research on toxoplasmosis in China\u2014An overview. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1825.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"7435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02108","volume":"9","author":"H Dong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong H, Su R, Lu Y, Wang M, Liu J, Jian F, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in food animals and humans (2000\u20132017) from China. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2108.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"7435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1381537","volume":"14","author":"Z Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Z, Yuan H, Nie L, Wen Q, Li H, Yang L, et al. Deciphering the epidemiological dynamics: Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in mainland China\u2019s food animals, 2010-2023. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1381537.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"7435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.06.011","volume":"157","author":"H Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang H, Wang T, Luo Q, Huo X, Wang L, Liu T, et al. Prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in pork from retail meat stores in Eastern China. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;157:393\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"7435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.07.982","volume":"55","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Baker DG, Davis SW, Urban JF, Shen SK. Persistence of immunity to toxoplasmosis in pigs vaccinated with a nonpersistent strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:982\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"7435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-022-02998-9","volume":"192","author":"AJ Mamaghani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mamaghani AJ, Fathollahi A, Arab-Mazar Z, Kohansal K, Fathollahi M, Spotin A, et al. Toxoplasma gondii vaccine candidates: a concise review. Ir J Med Sci. 2023;192:231\u201361.","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"7435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101414","volume":"69","author":"AS Pagheh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pagheh AS, Sarvi S, Sharif M, Rezaei F, Ahmadpour E, Dodangeh S, et al. Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 1 (SAG1) as a potential candidate to develop vaccine against toxoplasmosis: a systematic review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;69:101414.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"7435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01420-8","volume":"16","author":"AA Aguirre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aguirre AA, Longcore T, Barbieri M, Dabritz H, Hill D, Klein PN, et al. Correction to: The One Health approach to toxoplasmosis: epidemiology, control, and prevention strategies. EcoHealth. 2019;16:391.","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"7435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.047","volume":"1081","author":"A Thiptara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thiptara A, Kongkaew W, Bilmad U, Bhumibhamon T, Anan S. Toxoplasmosis in piglets. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1081:336\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"7435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1054","volume":"79","author":"JR Mineo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mineo JR, Kasper LH. Attachment of Toxoplasma gondii to host cells involves major surface protein, SAG-1 (P30). Exp Parasitol. 1994;79:11\u201320.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000076469","volume":"71","author":"S Seng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seng S, Makala LHC, Yokoyama M, Lim C, Choi YH, Suzuki N, et al. SAG1 is a host-targeted antigen for protection against Toxoplasma gondii infection. Pathobiol: J Immunopathol Mol Cell Biol. 2004;71:144\u201351.","journal-title":"Pathobiol: J Immunopathol Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"7435_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-180","volume":"7","author":"Y Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yin H. Research progress on surface antigen 1 (SAG1) of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:180.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S401876","volume":"18","author":"NSM Aly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aly NSM, Kim H-S, Marei YM, Elhamshary AS, Bayoumi IR, Omar RE, et al. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis using surface antigen grade 1 detection by ELISA, nano-gold ELISA, and PCR in pregnant women. Int J Nanomed. 2023;18:1335\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"7435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101781","volume":"83","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Fan L, Tan Q, Chen X, Li H, Zhao X, et al. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs determined by ELISA based on recombinant SAG1 in Shandong province, China. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022;83:101781.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"7435_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106255","volume":"226","author":"W Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui W, Shen X, Wang C, Bibi A, Cudjoe O, Zhao L, et al. Direct enzyme-linked aptamer assay (DELAA) for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis by detection of SAG1 protein in mice and humans. Acta Trop. 2021;226:106255.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.09.009","volume":"132","author":"M Hosseininejad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosseininejad M. Evaluation of an indirect ELISA using a tachyzoite surface antigen SAG1 for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats. Exp Parasitol. 2012;132:556\u201360.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00522-2","volume":"102","author":"EN Kimbita","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kimbita EN, Xuan X, Huang X, Miyazawa T, Fukumoto S, Mishima M, et al. Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant SAG1. Vet Parasitol. 2001;102:35\u201344.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.70002","volume":"54","author":"NOR Carvalho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carvalho NOR, Gaspar RC, Lima SG, da Silva ZD, Rodrigues NJL, Guimar\u00e3es VY, et al. Comparison between indirect fluorescent antibody test and modified agglutination test for detecting anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in neotropical primates. J Med Primatol. 2025;54:e70002.","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"key":"7435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7550","volume":"96","author":"Y Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun Y, Xing G, Yang J, Wang F, Deng R, Zhang G, et al. Development of an immunochromatographic test strip for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative detection of ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereal. J Sci Food Agric. 2016;96:3673\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"7435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-017-0800-y","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li Z, Pei Y, Li Q, Sun Y, Yang J, et al. Establishment of a lateral flow colloidal gold immunoassay strip for the rapid detection of soybean allergen \u03b2-conglycinin. Food Anal Methods. 2017;10:2429\u201335.","journal-title":"Food Anal Methods"},{"key":"7435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.08.1239","volume":"48","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Emond JP, Desmonts G, Anderson WR. Serodiagnosis of postnatally and prenatally induced toxoplasmosis in sheep. Am J Vet Res. 1987;48:1239\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"7435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719868753","volume":"31","author":"S Fernandes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandes S, Brilhante-Sim\u00f5es P, Coutinho T, Cardoso L, Dubey JP, Lopes AP. Comparison of indirect and modified agglutination tests for detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2019;31:774\u20137.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"7435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1645\/17-156","volume":"104","author":"X-L Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang X-L, Dong L, Zhang L, Lv Y, Li Q, Li H-L. Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected synanthropic rodents in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. J Parasitol. 2018;104:383\u20137.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201400438","volume":"10","author":"RS Felberbaum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Felberbaum RS. The baculovirus expression vector system: a commercial manufacturing platform for viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Biotechnol J. 2015;10:702\u201314.","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"7435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2011.06.011","volume":"55","author":"RB Hitchman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hitchman RB, Locanto E, Possee RD, King LA. Optimizing the baculovirus expression vector system. Methods (San Diego, Calif). 2011;55:52\u20137.","journal-title":"Methods (San Diego, Calif)"},{"key":"7435_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.11.008","volume":"54","author":"LA Dykman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dykman LA, Staroverov SA, Fomin AS, Khanadeev VA, Khlebtsov BN, Bogatyrev VA. Gold nanoparticles as an adjuvant: influence of size, shape, and technique of combination with CpG on antibody production. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;54:163\u20138.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"7435_CR30","first-page":"373","volume":"17","author":"MN Chowdhury","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chowdhury MN. Toxoplasmosis: a review. J Med. 1986;17:373\u201396.","journal-title":"J Med"},{"key":"7435_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197","volume":"44","author":"G Saadatnia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saadatnia G, Golkar M. A review on human toxoplasmosis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44:805\u201314.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7435_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53490-3.00008-X","volume":"114","author":"SK Halonen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Halonen SK, Weiss LM. Toxoplasmosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;114:125\u201345.","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"7435_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000001130","volume":"38","author":"A Beltrame","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beltrame A, Kim K, Weiss LM. Human toxoplasmosis: current advances in the field. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2025;38:392\u2013402.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7435_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2307\/3284004","volume":"81","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Thulliez P, Powell EC. Toxoplasma gondii in Iowa sows: comparison of antibody titers to isolation of T. gondii by bioassays in mice and cats. J Parasitol. 1995;81:48\u201353.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7435_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1525-2","volume":"9","author":"D Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang D, Liu Y, Jiang T, Zhang G, Yuan G, He J, et al. Seroprevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from pigs intended for human consumption in Liaoning province, northeastern China. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:248.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7435_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00204","volume":"10","author":"RHD Yba\u00f1ez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yba\u00f1ez RHD, Yba\u00f1ez AP, Nishikawa Y. Review on the current trends of toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis in humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:204.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"7435_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-569-9_12","volume":"504","author":"G Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang G, Guo J, Wang X. Immunochromatographic lateral flow strip tests. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ). 2009;504:169\u201383.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ)"},{"key":"7435_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2016.06.006","volume":"82","author":"EB Bahad\u0131r","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bahad\u0131r EB, Sezgint\u00fcrk MK. Lateral flow assays: principles, designs and labels. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2016;82:286\u2013306.","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal Chem"},{"key":"7435_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1029768","volume":"12","author":"T Qi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qi T, Ai J, Sun Y, Ma H, Kang M, You X, et al. Application of Toxoplasma gondii-specific SAG1, GRA7 and BAG1 proteins in serodiagnosis of animal toxoplasmosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:1029768.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"7435_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1028677","volume":"9","author":"C-S Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang C-S, Yang C-Y, Ayanniyi O-O, Chen Y-Q, Lu Z-X, Zhang J-Y, et al. Development and application of an indirect ELISA to detect antibodies to Neospora caninum in cattle based on a chimeric protein rSRS2-SAG1-GRA7. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:1028677.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"7435_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.2.137","volume":"52","author":"K Khanaliha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khanaliha K, Motazedian MH, Kazemi B, Shahriari B, Bandehpour M, Sharifniya Z. Evaluation of recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 antigens for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52:137\u201342.","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"7435_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00416-21","volume":"59","author":"A Teimouri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teimouri A, Abbaszadeh Afshar MJ, Mohtasebi S, Jafarpour Azami S, Alimi R, Keshavarz H. Assessment of an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IgG avidity test based on SAG1 and GRA7 proteins for discriminating between acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;59:e0041621.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7435_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"N Jalallou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jalallou N, Bandepour M, Khazan H, Haghighi A, Abdollahi S, Kazemi B. Recombinant SAG1 antigen to detect Toxoplasma gondii specific immunoglobulin g in human sera by ELISA test. Iran J Parasitol. 2010;5:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"7435_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S219281","volume":"12","author":"A Teimouri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teimouri A, Modarressi MH, Shojaee S, Mohebali M, Rezaian M, Keshavarz H. Development, optimization, and validation of an in-house Dot-ELISA rapid test based on SAG1 and GRA7 proteins for serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii infections. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:2657\u201369.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"7435_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2014.11.012","volume":"416","author":"M Allahyari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allahyari M, Mohabati R, Babaie J, Amiri S, Siavashani ZJ, Zare M, et al. Production of in-vitro refolded and highly antigenic SAG1 for development of a sensitive and specific Toxoplasma IgG ELISA. J Immunol Methods. 2015;416:157\u201366.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"7435_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.07.034","volume":"861","author":"D Rolland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rolland D, Raymond F, Gauthier M, Fournier C, Charrier JP, Jolivet M, et al. Strategies for improving production and purification of a recombinant protein: rP30 of Toxoplasma gondii expressed in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;861:186\u201395.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"7435_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2010.02.006","volume":"172","author":"JE Nettleship","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nettleship JE, Assenberg R, Diprose JM, Rahman-Huq N, Owens RJ. Recent advances in the production of proteins in insect and mammalian cells for structural biology. J Struct Biol. 2010;172:55\u201365.","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"},{"key":"7435_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9869-2_2","volume":"2073","author":"AA Adeniyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adeniyi AA, Lua LH-L. Protein expression in the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ). 2020;2073:17\u201337.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ)"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07435-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07435-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07435-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:03:28Z","timestamp":1790640208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07435-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07435-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8596895\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Research Ethics Committee of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences reviewed and approved the experimental protocol. All samples tested in this experiment were collected in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"415"}}