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Ongoing schistosomiasis control programmes in these areas have achieved significant reductions in disease prevalence, transmission, and morbidity associated with infection; however, they have also presented new challenges, particularly in detecting and monitoring low-intensity and low-prevalence\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. Highly sensitive and highly specific diagnostic assays are therefore needed for effective disease diagnosis and transmission monitoring in low-endemicity areas, and the development of such assays has been recommended by the World Health Organisation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We first aimed to determine whether a\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. genus-specific real-time PCR assay routinely used to diagnose infections with African schistosome species (namely\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), as well as two more recently developed\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      species-specific real-time PCR assays, can accurately diagnose low-intensity\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. We also sought to optimise one of the\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      species-specific real-time PCR assays by adding the same DNA extraction and PCR internal positive control target commonly used with the\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. genus-specific real-time PCR assay. This was done using in silico analyses and endpoint PCR with Sanger sequencing and real-time PCR using genomic DNA isolated from\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. adult worms, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O spiked with individual\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ova, and na\u00efve human faecal material also spiked with individual\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ova.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We demonstrate that the\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. genus-specific real-time PCR assay and one of the\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      species-specific real-time PCR assays described here are likely incapable of reliably diagnosing low-intensity\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. We also demonstrate that the other\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      species-specific real-time PCR assay can be performed using an additional DNA extraction and PCR internal positive control target and may reliably diagnose low-intensity\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Whilst clinical assessment of the optimised\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      species-specific real-time PCR assay described here is needed, it is our hope that this assay will become a standard and routinely used method to diagnose low-intensity\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections and will be used support future\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission surveillance and elimination programmes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07458-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:06:09Z","timestamp":1782745569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimisation and analytical assessment of a TaqMan\u2122 probe-based real-time PCR assay designed to diagnose infection with Schistosoma japonicum"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Archer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hingel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charo","family":"Abarsosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Zabala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Nailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie L.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"7458_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)02814-9","volume":"405","author":"D Buonfrate","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buonfrate D, Ferrari TCA, Adegnika AA, Russell Stothard J, Gobbi FG. 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