{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:18:49Z","timestamp":1785521929400,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following three successful rounds of indoor residual spraying (IRS) implementation in the district of Sakassou (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire), IRS was withdrawn and replaced by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). This study evaluated the entomological and epidemiological impacts of Interceptor (IG2) ITNs distributed in Sakassou to determine whether the protection offered by IG2 ITNs was adequate to suppress malaria transmission post-IRS withdrawal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a quasi-experimental evaluation using historical data and additional data collections on entomological indicators and malaria incidence to assess malaria transmission trends in Sakassou. The vector control optimization model was adapted to evaluate the effectiveness of the IRS and IG2 ITN deployment on malaria transmission dynamics. Additionally, we used an interrupted time series model to analyze routinely reported malaria cases in the District Health Information Management System (DHIS2) to determine the epidemiological impact of both interventions. Counterfactual trends were generated for the post-IRS withdrawal period during which IG2 ITNs were distributed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed a 55.4% (95% CI 48.3\u201362.4%) reduction in the human biting rate (HBR) when IRS was deployed and 48.8% (95% CI 42.8\u201354.6%) when IG2 ITNs were distributed, compared with standard pyrethroid-only nets. No statistical difference was recorded between the HBR of IG2 ITNs and IRS (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.164) during the implementation of IG2 ITNs and the counterfactual of IRS. Similarly, IRS resulted in a 64.7% (95% CI 56.6\u201372.8%) decline in EIR while IG2 ITNs resulted in a comparable reduction of 61.9% (95% CI 54.2\u201369.6% ;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.616) over the same period. Furthermore, a 26% reduction in malaria cases was recorded immediately after spraying (IRR\u2009=\u20091.02; 95% CI\u202f1.00\u20131.04;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) with cumulative impact over time and spray rounds and was similar to IG2 performance (IRR\u2009=\u20091.03; CI 1.00\u20131.07;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.040).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings suggest that IG2 ITNs provided entomological efficacy comparable to clothianidin-based IRS but could not adequately suppress malaria cases after IRS withdrawal, possibly due to plastic-vector feeding behavior and late timing of IG2 deployment. Overall, the study shows how the dynamics of malaria transmission and operational decisions could impact the effectiveness of both IRS and ITNs as vector control tools. These findings provide key information for malaria programs and policymakers to consider when deploying vector control interventions as countries work toward malaria elimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07459-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T18:05:31Z","timestamp":1779991531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can dual active ingredient Interceptor\u00ae G2 insecticide-treated net (ITN) replace indoor residual spraying (IRS) efficiently? A case study in Sakassou, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Chabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria Salome","family":"Shirima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Masanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvester","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constant Guy","family":"N\u2019Guessan Gbalegba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard Loukou","family":"Kouassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice Renaud","family":"N\u2019Guessan Broudje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constant Victorien","family":"Ako Edi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firmain N\u2019Dri","family":"Yokoly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Olatondji","family":"Adimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth-Marie Adjoua","family":"Kouame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Anian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosina","family":"Kyerematen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Egyir-Yawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Kiware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Kweku","family":"Dadzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"7459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, Battle K, Moyes CL, Henry A, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, Briet O, Penny MA, Smith TA, Bennett A, Yukich J, Eisele TP, Griffin JT, Fergus CA, Lynch M, Lindgren F, Cohen JM, Murray CLJ, Smith DL, Hay SI, Cibulskis RE, Gething PW.\u00a0The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. 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