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However, how helminths adjust immunomodulation during coinfection with fast-replicating microparasites remains unclear. Here, we investigated the immune modulation dynamics in a murine model coinfected with the nematode\n                      <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Hp) and the protozoan\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium yoelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Py).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We compared Treg expansion in single Hp infected and coinfected mice, assessed Hp excretory\u2013secretory products (HES) for Treg induction in vitro, measured expression of the TGF-\u03b2 mimic\n                      <jats:italic>Hp-TGM-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, and conducted experimental evolution over eight generations in single and coinfected hosts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although coinfected mice exhibited reduced Treg expansion in vivo, HES collected from worms in single infected and coinfected hosts induced similar Treg expansion in vitro. Furthermore,\n                      <jats:italic>Hp-TGM-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression was found to be upregulated in worms from coinfected hosts. Experimental evolution revealed no consistent differences between Hp lines (i.e., parasites maintained in single infected or coinfected hosts).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that reduced Treg expansion during coinfection is driven by the host rather than the parasite, which informs our understanding of immune modulation in helminth\u2013malaria coinfections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07465-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T09:55:19Z","timestamp":1781344519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vivo reduction of Treg expansion in rodent helminth\u2013malaria coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Luc","family":"Bourbon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alo\u00efs","family":"Dusuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Pernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Rialland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Faivre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sorci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"7465_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2992","volume":"11","author":"JE Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen JE, Maizels RM. 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