{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:47:46Z","timestamp":1791913666027,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07498-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T12:34:06Z","timestamp":1784378046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The history of cryptosporidiosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Steverding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"7498_CR1","volume-title":"WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne diseases burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne diseases burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015. Geneva: WHO Press; 2015."},{"key":"7498_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30283-3","volume":"6","author":"IA Khalil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalil IA, Troeger C, Rao PC, Blacker BF, Brown A, Brewer TG, et al. Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:e758\u201368.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"7498_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2025.100264","volume":"7","author":"R Buchanan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buchanan R, Wieckowski P, Matechou E, Katzer F, Tsaousis AD, Farr\u00e9 M. Global prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in cattle: a meta-analysis. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2025;7:100264.","journal-title":"Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"7498_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113307","volume":"11","author":"U Ryan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ryan U, Zahedi A, Feng Y, Xiao L. An update on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in humans. Animals Basel. 2021;11:3307.","journal-title":"Animals Basel"},{"key":"7498_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103188","volume":"111","author":"S Bulumulla","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bulumulla S, Ash A, Ryan U, Combs B, Larkins A, Pingault N, et al. Molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium species in Western Australian human populations (2023\u20132025), and the emergence of rare C. hominis IeA11G3T3 subtype. Parasitol Int. 2026;111:103188.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"7498_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001085","volume":"141","author":"U Ryan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ryan U, Fayer R, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology. 2014;141:1667\u201385.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7498_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000830","volume":"141","author":"C Silverl\u00e5s","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silverl\u00e5s C, Blanco-Penedo I. Cryptosporidium spp. in calves and cows from organic and conventional dairy herds. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141:529\u201339.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"7498_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-227410-5\/00186-1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of physical science and technology","author":"A Askenaizer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Askenaizer A. Drinking Water Quality and Treatment. In: Meyers RA, editor. Encyclopedia of physical science and technology. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 2003. p. 651\u201371.","edition":"3"},{"key":"7498_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011","volume":"42","author":"AC Balestra","year":"2026","unstructured":"Balestra AC, Daniels AM, Striepen B. The revised Cryptosporidium life cycle offers opportunities for fundamental and translational advances. Trends Parasitol. 2026;42:350\u201365.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-12","volume":"26","author":"M Bouzid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouzid M, Hunter PR, Chalmers RM, Tyler KM. Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:115\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"7498_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.01.015","volume":"20","author":"ME Olson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olson ME, O\u2019Handley RM, Ralston BJ, McAllister TA, Thompson RCA. Update on Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle. Trends Parasitol. 2004;20:185\u201391.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0447-0","volume":"48","author":"S Thomson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomson S, Hamilton CA, Hope JC, Katzer F, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, et al. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies. Vet Res. 2017;48:42.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"7498_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2273004","volume":"14","author":"GR Hurle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hurle GR, Brainard J, Tyler KM. Microbiome diversity is a modifiable virulence factor for cryptosporidiosis. Virulence. 2023;14:2273004.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"7498_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.13.5793","volume":"92","author":"AA Escalante","year":"1995","unstructured":"Escalante AA, Ayala FJ. Evolutionary origin of Plasmodium and other Apicomplexa based on rRNA genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:5793\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"7498_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001323","volume":"143","author":"JC Garcia-R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garcia-R JC, Hayman DTS. Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: the timing of Cryptosporidium evolution and its hosts. Parasitology. 2016;143:1683\u201390.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7498_CR16","first-page":"190","volume-title":"The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa","author":"FO Perkins","year":"2000","unstructured":"Perkins FO, Barta JR, Clopton RE, Pierce MA, Upton SJ. Phylum Apicomplexa Levine 1970. In: Lee JJ, Leedale GF, Bradburry P, editors. The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, vol. 1. 2nd ed. Lawrence: Allen Press; 2000. p. 190\u2013369.","edition":"2"},{"key":"7498_CR17","first-page":"345","volume":"8","author":"JR Barta","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barta JR, Jenkins MC, Danforth HD. Evolutionary relationships of avian Eimeria species among other apicomplexan protozoa: monophyly of the Apicomplexa is supported. Mol Biol Evol. 1991;8:345\u201355.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7498_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025779","volume":"14","author":"DA Morrison","year":"1997","unstructured":"Morrison DA, Ellis JT. Effects of nucleotide sequence alignment on phylogeny estimation: a case study of 18S rDNAs of Apicomplexa. Mol Biol Evol. 1997;14:428\u201341.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7498_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04523.x","volume":"45","author":"RA Carreno","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carreno RA, Schnitzler BE, Jeffries AC, Tenter AM, Johnson AM, Barta JR. Phylogenetic analysis of coccidia based on 18S rDNA sequence comparison indicates that Isospora is most closely related to Toxoplasma and Neospora. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1998;45:184\u20138.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050655","volume":"85","author":"RA Carreno","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carreno RA, Martin DS, Barta JR. Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Parasitol Res. 1999;85:899\u2013904.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7498_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3155","volume":"89","author":"Harper JT LeanderBS","year":"2003","unstructured":"LeanderBS Harper JT, Keeling PJ. Molecular phylogeny and surface morphology of marine aseptate gregarines (Apicomplexa): Selenidium spp. and Lecudina spp. J Parasitol. 2003;89:1191\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"7498_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02284-0","volume":"53","author":"BS Leander","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leander BS, Clopton RE, Keeling PJ. Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and \u03b2-tubulin. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003;53:345\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2004.01.002","volume":"40","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.). Eur J Protistol. 2004;40:185\u2013212.","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"key":"7498_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-4-1673","volume":"50","author":"G Zhu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhu G, Keithly JS, Philippe H. What is the phylogenetic position of Cryptosporidium? Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000;50:1673\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W521","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae241","volume":"52","author":"F Madeira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madeira F, Madhusoodanan N, Lee J, Eusebi A, Niewielska A, Tivey ARN, et al. The EMBL-EBI Job Dispatcher sequence analysis tools framework in 2024. Nucleic Acid Res. 2024;52:W521\u20135.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Res"},{"key":"7498_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-032421-120540","volume":"77","author":"IM Lamb","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lamb IM, Okoye IC, Mather MW, Vaidya AB. Unique properties of apicomplexan mitochondria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2023;77:541\u201360.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2024.126065","volume":"94","author":"PJ Keeling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keeling PJ, Mtawali M, Trznadel M, Livingston SJ, Wakeman KC. Parallel functional reduction in the mitochondria of apicomplexan parasites. Eur J Protistol. 2024;94:126065.","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"key":"7498_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.04.028","volume":"31","author":"V Mathur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mathur V, Wakeman KC, Keeling PJ. Parallel functional reduction in the mitochondria of apicomplexan parasites. Curr Biol. 2021;31:2920\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"7498_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-003-0432-1","volume":"44","author":"CE Riordan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Riordan CE, Ault JG, Langreth SG, Keithly JS. Cryptosporidium parvum Cpn60 targets a relict organelle. Curr Genet. 2003;44:138\u201347.","journal-title":"Curr Genet"},{"key":"7498_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.2.483-494.2004","volume":"3","author":"J \u0160lapeta","year":"2004","unstructured":"\u0160lapeta J, Keithly JS. Cryptosporidium parvum mitochondrial-type HSP70 targets homologous and heterologous mitochondria. Eukaryot Cell. 2004;3:483\u201394.","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"7498_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-2-315","volume":"146","author":"G Zhu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhu G, Marchewka MJ, Keithly JS. Cryptosporidium parvum appears to lack a plastid genome. Microbiology (Reading). 2000;146:315\u201321.","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"7498_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094786","volume":"304","author":"MS Abrahamsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abrahamsen MS, Templeton TJ, Enomoto S, Abrahante JE, Zhu G, Lancto CA, et al. Complete genome sequence of the apicomplexan. Cryptosporidium parvum Science. 2004;304:441\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"7498_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02977","volume":"431","author":"P Xu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xu P, Widmer G, Wang Y, Ozaki LS, Alves JM, Serrano MG, et al. The genome of Cryptosporidium hominis. Nature. 2004;431:1107\u201312.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7498_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R88","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-11-r88","volume":"5","author":"J Huang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huang J, Mullapudi N, Lancto CA, Scott M, Abrahamsen MS, Kissinger JC. Phylogenomic evidence supports past endosymbiosis, intracellular and horizontal gene transfer in Cryptosporidium parvum. Genome Biol. 2004;5:R88.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"7498_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2007.00840.x","volume":"21","author":"BJ Bradley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bradley BJ. Reconstructing phylogenies and phenotypes: a molecular view of human evolution. J Anat. 2008;21:337\u201353.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"7498_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac056","volume":"39","author":"S Tichkule","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tichkule S, Cacci\u00f2 SM, Robinson G, Chalmers RM, Mueller I, Emery-Corbin SJ, et al. Global population genomics of two subspecies of Cryptosporidium hominis during 500 years of evolution. Mol Biol Evol. 2022;39:msac056.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7498_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0377-x","volume":"4","author":"JL Nader","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nader JL, Mathers TC, Ward BJ, Pachebat JA, Swain MT, Robinson G, et al. Evolutionary genomics of anthroponosis in Cryptosporidium. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4:826\u201336.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107739","volume":"205","author":"D Leles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leles D, Fr\u00edas L, Ara\u00fajo A, Brener B, Sudr\u00e9 A, Chame M, et al. Are immunoenzymatic tests for intestinal protozoans reliable when used on archaeological material? Exp Parasitol. 2019;205:107739.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.11.009","volume":"66","author":"VH Borba Nunes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borba Nunes VH, Alcover JA, Silva VL, Cruz PB, Machado-Silva JR, de Ara\u00fajoa AJG. Paleoparasitological analysis of the extinct Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) from Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean). Parasitol Int. 2017;66:7\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"7498_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/112.5.605","volume":"112","author":"MJ Allison","year":"1999","unstructured":"Allison MJ, Bergman T, Gerszten E. Further studies on fecal parasites in antiquity. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;112:605\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"7498_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057315","volume":"8","author":"JR Wood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wood JR, Wilmshurst JM, Rawlence NJ, Bonner KI, Worthy TH, Kinsella JM, et al. A megafauna\u2019s microfauna: gastrointestinal parasites of New Zealand\u2019s extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes). PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e57315.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7498_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227810","volume":"15","author":"R Wiscovitch-Russo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiscovitch-Russo R, Rivera-Perez J, Narganes-Storde YM, Garc\u00eda-Rold\u00e1n E, Bunkley-Williams L, Cano R, et al. Pre-Columbian zoonotic enteric parasites: an insight into Puerto Rican indigenous culture diets and life styles. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0227810.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7498_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1645\/15-916","volume":"102","author":"JJ Morrow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morrow JJ, Reinhard KJ. Cryptosporidium parvum among coprolites from La Cueva de los Muertos Chiquitos (600-800 CE), Rio Zape Valley, Durango, Mexico. J Parasitol. 2016;102:429\u201335.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3083RN","volume":"89","author":"YR Ortega","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ortega YR, Bonavia D. Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in ancient Peruvians. J Parasitol. 2003;89:635\u20136.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-5-5","volume":"5","author":"EE Tyzzer","year":"1907","unstructured":"Tyzzer EE. A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1907;5:12\u20133.","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"7498_CR46","first-page":"487","volume":"23","author":"EE Tyzzer","year":"1910","unstructured":"Tyzzer EE. An extracellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris (gen. et sp. nov.), of the gastric glands of the common mouse. J Med Res. 1910;23:487\u2013509.","journal-title":"J Med Res"},{"key":"7498_CR47","first-page":"394","volume":"26","author":"EE Tyzzer","year":"1912","unstructured":"Tyzzer EE. Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse. Arch Protistenkd. 1912;26:394\u2013412.","journal-title":"Arch Protistenkd"},{"key":"7498_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(55)80025-2","volume":"65","author":"D Slavin","year":"1955","unstructured":"Slavin D. Cryptosporidium meleagridis (sp. nov.). J Comp Path Ther. 1955;65:262\u20136.","journal-title":"J Comp Path Ther"},{"key":"7498_CR49","first-page":"408","volume":"27","author":"HR Jervis","year":"1966","unstructured":"Jervis HR, Merrill TG, Sprinz H. Coccidiosis in the guinea pig small intestine due to a Cryptosporidium. Am J Vet Res. 1966;27:408\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"7498_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03315.x","volume":"18","author":"JM Vetterling","year":"1971","unstructured":"Vetterling JM, Jervis HR, Merrill TG, Sprinz H. Cryptosporidium wrairi sp. n. from the guinea pig Cavia porcellus, with an emendation of the genus. J Protozool. 1971;18:243\u20137.","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"7498_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985871008005-00610","volume":"8","author":"RJ Panciera","year":"1971","unstructured":"Panciera RJ, Thomassen RW, Garner FM. Cryptosporidial infection in a calf. Vet Pathol. 1971;8:479\u201384.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"7498_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587200900603","volume":"9","author":"RM Kovatch","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kovatch RM, White JD. Cryptosporidiosis in two juvenile Rhesus monkeys. Vet Pathol. 1972;9:426\u201340.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"7498_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00366112","volume":"44","author":"LK Barker","year":"1974","unstructured":"Barker LK, Carbonell PL. Cryptosporidium agni sp.n. from lambs, and Cryptosporidium bovis sp.n. from a calf, with observation on the oocyst. Z Parasitenkd. 1974;44:289\u201398.","journal-title":"Z Parasitenkd"},{"key":"7498_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03724.x","volume":"21","author":"SJ Proctor","year":"1974","unstructured":"Proctor SJ, Kemp RL. Cryptosporidium anserinum sp. n. (Sporozoa) in a domestic goose Anser anser L., from Iowa. J Protozool. 1974;21:664\u20136.","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"7498_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.170.03.348","volume":"170","author":"GA Kennedy","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kennedy GA, Kreitner GL, Strafuss AC. Cryptosporidiosis in three pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977;170:348\u201350.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"7498_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587701400607","volume":"14","author":"DG Brownstein","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brownstein DG, Strandberg JD, Montali RJ, Bush M, Fortner J. Cryptosporidium in snakes with hypertrophic gastritis. Vet Pathol. 1977;14:606\u201317.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"7498_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587801500102","volume":"15","author":"SP Snyder","year":"1978","unstructured":"Snyder SP, England JJ, McChesney AE. Cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient Arabian foals. Vet Pathol. 1978;15:12\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"7498_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80503-3","volume":"70","author":"FA Nime","year":"1976","unstructured":"Nime FA, Burek JD, Page DL, Holscher MA, Yardley JH. Acute enterocolitis in a huma being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenterology. 1976;70:592\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"7498_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80331-9","volume":"70","author":"JM Meisel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Meisel JM, Perera DR, Meligro C, Rubin CE. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology. 1976;70:1156\u201360.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"7498_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.3.313","volume":"6","author":"TR Navin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Navin TR, Juranek DD. Cryptosporidiosis: clinical, epidemiological, and parasitological review. Rev Infect Dis. 1984;6:313\u201327.","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"7498_CR61","first-page":"579","volume":"107","author":"S Tzipori","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tzipori S, Campbell I, Sherwood D, Snodgrass DR, Whitelaw A. An outbreak of calf diarrhoea attributed to cryptosporidial infection. Vet Rec. 1980;107:579\u201380.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"7498_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588201900110","volume":"19","author":"KW Angus","year":"1982","unstructured":"Angus KW, Tzipori S, Gray EW. Intestinal lesions in specific-pathogen-free lambs associated with Cryptosporidium from calves with diarrhoea. Vet Pathol. 1982;19:67\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"7498_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-6-886","volume":"103","author":"RG D\u2019Antonio","year":"1985","unstructured":"D\u2019Antonio RG, Winn RE, Taylor JP, Gustafson TL, Current WL, Rhodes MM, et al. A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:886\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"7498_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1991.tb04796.x","volume":"38","author":"YR Ortega","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ortega YR, Sheehy RR, Cama VA, Oishi KK, Sterling CR. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates of bovine and human origin. J Protozool. 1991;38:40S-S41.","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"7498_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1992.tb00463.x","volume":"14","author":"JM Nina","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nina JM, McDonald V, Deer RM, Wright SE, Dyson DA, Chiodini PL, et al. Comparative study of the antigenic composition of oocyst isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum from different hosts. Parasite Immunol. 1992;14:227\u201332.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"7498_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931827","volume":"79","author":"BW Ogunkolade","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ogunkolade BW, Robinson HA, McDonald V, Webster K, Evans DA. Isoenzyme variation within the genus Cryptosporidium. Parasitol Res. 1993;79:385\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7498_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063885","volume":"110","author":"FM Awad-el-Kariem","year":"1995","unstructured":"Awad-el-Kariem FM, Robinson HA, Dyson DA, Evans D, Wright S, Fox MT, et al. Differentiation between human and animal strains of Cryptosporidium parvum using isoenzyme typing. Parasitology. 1995;110:129\u201332.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7498_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00224.x","volume":"49","author":"UM Morgan-Ryan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morgan-Ryan UM, Fall A, Ward LA, Hijjawi N, Sulaiman I, Fayer R, et al. Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2002;49:433\u201340.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.2307\/3276540","volume":"52","author":"JC Hampton","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hampton JC, Rosario B. The attachment of protozoan parasites to intestinal epithelial cells of the mouse. J Parasitol. 1966;52:939\u201349.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)91112-1","volume":"90","author":"MA Marcial","year":"1986","unstructured":"Marcial MA, Madara JL. Cryptosporidium: cellular localization, structural analysis of absorptive cell-parasite membrane-membrane interactions in guinea pigs, and suggestion of protozoan transport by M cells. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:583\u201394.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"7498_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05567.x","volume":"33","author":"WL Current","year":"1986","unstructured":"Current WL, Reese NC. A comparison of endogenous development of three isolates of Cryptosporidium in suckling mice. J Protozool. 1986;33:98\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"7498_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001604","volume":"20","author":"ED English","year":"2022","unstructured":"English ED, Gu\u00e9rin A, Tandel J, Striepen B. Live imaging of the Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle reveals direct development of male and female gametes from type I meronts. PLoS Biol. 2022;20:e3001604.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"7498_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049189","volume":"107","author":"AJ Richardson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Richardson AJ, Frankenberg RA, Buck AC, Selkon JB, Colbourne JS, Parsons JW, et al. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in Swindon and Oxfordshire. Epidemiol Infect. 1991;107:485\u201395.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"7498_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407213310304","volume":"331","author":"WR Mac Kenzie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:161\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7498_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030582","volume":"10","author":"PR Hunter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, Syed Q, Verlander NQ, Chalmers RM, et al. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1241\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7498_CR76","first-page":"R57","volume":"6","author":"T Djuretic","year":"1996","unstructured":"Djuretic T, Wall PG, Ryan MJ, Evans HS, Adak GK, Cowden JM. General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales 1992 to 1994. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 1996;6:R57-63.","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev"},{"key":"7498_CR77","first-page":"165","volume":"1","author":"HS Evans","year":"1998","unstructured":"Evans HS, Madden P, Douglas C, Adak GK, O\u2019Brien SJ, Djuretic T, et al. General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales: 1995 and 1996. Commun Dis Public Health. 1998;1:165\u201371.","journal-title":"Commun Dis Public Health"},{"key":"7498_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.368","volume":"62","author":"V Dietz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dietz V, Vugia D, Nelson R, Wicklund J, Nadle J, McCombs KG, et al. Active, multisite, laboratory-based surveillance for Cryptosporidium parvum. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62:368\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7498_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.002","volume":"5","author":"P Karanis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Karanis P, Kourenti C, Smith H. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J Water Health. 2007;5:1\u201338.","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"7498_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013","volume":"45","author":"S Baldursson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baldursson S, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks \u2013 an update 2004-2010. Water Res. 2011;45:6603\u201314.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"7498_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.036","volume":"114","author":"A Efstratiou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks \u2013 an update 2011-2016. Water Res. 2017;114:14\u201322.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"7498_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.094","volume":"21","author":"P Bourli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bourli P, Eslahi AV, Tzoraki O, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a review of worldwide outbreaks \u2013 an update 2017-2022. J Water Health. 2023;21:1421\u201347.","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"7498_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223287","volume":"14","author":"M Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali M, Ji Y, Xu C, Hina Q, Javed U, Li K. Food and waterborne cryptosporidiosis from a One Health perspective: a comprehensive review. Animals. 2024;14:3287.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"7498_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.08.002","volume":"132","author":"A Zahedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zahedi A, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium \u2013 an update with an emphasis on foodborne and waterborne transmission. Res Vet Sci. 2020;132:500\u201312.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"7498_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2013.097","volume":"12","author":"RL Puleston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puleston RL, Mallaghan CM, Modha DE, Hunter PR, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Regan CM, et al. The first recorded outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to Cryptosporidium cuniculus (formerly rabbit genotype), following a water quality incident. J Water Health. 2014;12:41\u201350.","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"7498_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100682","volume":"18","author":"CR Stensvold","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stensvold CR, Larsen TG, Gr\u00fcttner J, Nielsen J, Engberg J, Lebbad M. Rodent-adapted Cryptosporidium infection in humans: seven new cases and review of the literature. One Health. 2024;18:100682.","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"7498_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4693-9","volume":"20","author":"N Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu N, Liu H, Jiang Y, Yin J, Yuan Z, Shen Y, et al. First report of Cryptosporidium viatorum and Cryptosporidium occultus in humans in China, and of the unique novel C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:16.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"7498_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03273-w","volume":"24","author":"W Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao W, Ren G, Jiang W, Wang L, Wang J, Yuan Z, et al. Genetic characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. from children with or without diarrhea in Wenzhou, China: high probability of zoonotic transmission. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24:113.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104895","volume":"92","author":"L Bujila","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bujila L, Troell K, Fischerstr\u00f6m K, Nordahl M, Killander G, Hansen A, et al. Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I \u2013 an emerging cause of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;92:104895.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"7498_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.09.004","volume":"48","author":"U Ryan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Xiao L. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol. 2018;48:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.050796","volume":"12","author":"BG Blackburn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blackburn BG, Mazurek JM, Hlavsa M, Park J, Tillapaw M, Parrish MK, et al. Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:684\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7498_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109634","volume":"370","author":"A Barlaam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barlaam A, Sannella AR, Ferrari N, Temesgen TT, Rinaldi L, Normanno G, et al. Ready-to-eat salads and berry fruits purchased in Italy contaminated by Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Food Microbiol. 2022;370:109634.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.46.20318-en","volume":"17","author":"A Gherasim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gherasim A, Lebbad M, Insulander M, Decraene V, Kling A, Hjertqvist M, et al. Two geographically separated food-borne outbreaks in Sweden linked by an unusual Cryptosporidium parvum subtype, October 2010. Euro Surveill. 2012;17:20318.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"7498_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1115522","volume":"13","author":"SM Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan SM, Witola WH. Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: a comprehensive review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1115522.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1014","volume":"2","author":"S Frantz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frantz S, Smith A. New drug approvals for 2002. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002;2:95\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"7498_CR96","volume":"83","author":"JF Rossignol","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rossignol JF, Cavier R. Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of 2-benzamido nitrothiazoles. Chem Abstr. 1975;83:28216n.","journal-title":"Chem Abstr"},{"key":"7498_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1959","volume":"42","author":"CM Theodos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Theodos CM, Griffiths JK, D\u2019Onfro J, Fairfield A, Tzipori S. Efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture and in animal models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:1959\u201365.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"7498_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2877","volume":"42","author":"BL Blagburn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blagburn BL, Drain KL, Land TM, Kinard RG, Moore PH, Lindsay DS, et al. Comparative efficacy evaluation of dicationic carbazole compounds, nitazoxanide and paromomycin against Cryptosporidium parvum infections in a neonatal mouse model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:2877\u201382.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"7498_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1086\/321008","volume":"184","author":"JF Rossignol","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rossignol JF, Ayoub A, Ayers MS. Treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:103\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7498_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11401-2","volume":"360","author":"B Amadi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Amadi B, Mwiya M, Musuku J, Watuka A, Sianongo S, Ayoub A, et al. Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1375\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7498_CR101","volume":"2007","author":"I Abubakar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Hunter RP, Usman NK. Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;2007:CD004932.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"7498_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-195","volume":"9","author":"B Amadi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amadi B, Mwiya M, Sianongo S, Payne L, Watuka A, Katubulushi M, et al. High dose prolonged treatment with nitazoxanide is not effective for cryptosporidiosis in HIV positive Zambian children: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:195.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"7498_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400240111018","volume":"152","author":"K Armiatge","year":"1992","unstructured":"Armiatge K, Flanigan T, Carey J, Frank I, MacGregor RR, Ross P, et al. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with paromomycin. A report of five cases. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:2497\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"7498_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.3.447","volume":"18","author":"F Bissuel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bissuel F, Cotte L, Rabodonirina M, Rougier P, Piens MA, Trepo C. Paromomycin: an effective treatment for cryptosporidial diarrhea in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:447\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7498_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81562-8","volume":"123","author":"SL Vargas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vargas SL, Shenep JL, Flynn PM, Pui CH, Santana VM, Hughes WT. Azithromycin for treatment of severe Cryptosporidium diarrhea in two children with cancer. J Pediatr. 1993;123:154\u20136.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"7498_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70258-5","volume":"129","author":"P Hicks","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hicks P, Zwiener RJ, Squires J, Savell V. Azithromycin therapy for Cryptosporidium parvum infection in four children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr. 1996;129:297\u2013300.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"7498_CR107","first-page":"969","volume":"32","author":"AF Allam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allam AF, Shehab AY. Efficacy of azithromycin, praziquantel and mirazid in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in school children. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2002;32:969\u201378.","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971919543","volume":"8","author":"C Blanshard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blanshard C, Shanson DC, Gazzard BG. Pilot studies of azithromycin, letrazuril and paromomycin in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Int J STD AIDS. 1997;8:124\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"7498_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.5.384","volume":"279","author":"SD Holmberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, Von Bargen JC, Palella FJ, Loveless MO, Ward DJ, et al. Possible effectiveness of clarithromycin and rifabutin for cryptosporidiosis chemoprophylaxis in HIV disease. HIV outpatient study (HOPS) investigators. JAMA. 1998;279:384\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7498_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.51.2.138","volume":"51","author":"D Dionisio","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dionisio D, Orsi A, Sterrantino G, Meli M, Di Lollo S, Ibba Manneschi L, et al. Chronic cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: stable remission and possible eradication after long-term, low dose azithromycin. J Clin Pathol. 1998;51:138\u201342.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"7498_CR111","first-page":"179","volume":"48","author":"KK Kadappu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kadappu KK, Nagaraja MV, Rao PV, Shastry BA. Azithromycin as treatment for cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Postgrad Med. 2002;48:179\u201381.","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"7498_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06343-5","volume":"118","author":"S Noack","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noack S, Chapman HD, Selzer PM. Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry. Parasitol Res. 2019;118:2009\u201326.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7498_CR113","first-page":"475","volume-title":"Coccidia and coccidiomorphs, 5th International Coccidiosis Conference, Tours, France, 17\u201320 October, Les Colloques de l\u2019INRA 49","author":"P Yvor\u00e9e","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yvor\u00e9e P, Naciri M. Halofuginone lactate in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in ruminants. In: Yvor\u00e9e P, editor. Coccidia and coccidiomorphs, 5th International Coccidiosis Conference, Tours, France, 17\u201320 October, Les Colloques de l\u2019INRA 49. Paris: INRA; 1989. p. 475\u20138."},{"key":"7498_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.2.283","volume":"35","author":"I Villacorta","year":"1991","unstructured":"Villacorta I, Peeters JE, Vanopdenbosch E, Ares-Maz\u00e1s E, Theys H. Efficacy of halofuginone lactate against Cryptosporidium parvum in calves. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:283\u20137.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"7498_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90075-X","volume":"45","author":"M Naciri","year":"1993","unstructured":"Naciri M, Mancassola R, Yvor\u00e9 P, Peeters JE. The effect of halofuginone lactate on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infections in calves. Vet Parasitol. 1993;45:199\u2013207.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR116","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. CVMP assessment report for HALAGON (EMEA\/V\/C\/004201\/0000), EMA\/664888\/2016. London: EMA; 2016;."},{"key":"7498_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2307\/3283619","volume":"79","author":"R Fayer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fayer R, Ellis W. Paromomycin is effective as prophylaxis for cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves. J Parasitol. 1993;79:771\u20134.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7498_CR118","unstructured":"Health Products Regulatory Authority. Parofor crypto 140000 IU\/ml oral solution for pre-ruminant cattle. HPRA. 2019. https:\/\/assets.hpra.ie\/products\/Animal\/35281\/Public_AR_VPA10782-035-001_16092019092050.pdf. Assessed 7 Feb 2026."},{"key":"7498_CR119","unstructured":"Australian Centre for Disease Control. National Notifiable Disease Surveillance Dashboard. Canberra. 2026. https:\/\/nindss.health.gov.au\/pbi-dashboard\/. Assessed 17 Feb 2026."},{"key":"7498_CR120","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency. Research and analysis: Cryptosporidium data 2015 o 2024. London. 2025. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/cryptosporidium-national-laboratory-data\/cryptosporidium-data-2015-to-2024. Assessed 17 Feb 2026."},{"key":"7498_CR121","volume-title":"Notifiable diseases in New Zealand: annual report 2024","author":"New Zealand Institute for Public Health and Forensic Science","year":"2025","unstructured":"New Zealand Institute for Public Health and Forensic Science. Notifiable diseases in New Zealand: annual report 2024. Porirua: PHF Science; 2025."},{"key":"7498_CR122","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Large data extract \u2013 notifiable diseases on-line. Ottawa. 2025. https:\/\/diseases.canada.ca\/notifiable\/charts?c=ppd. Assessed 18 Feb 2026."},{"key":"7498_CR123","unstructured":"CDC. Waterborne disease and outbreak surveillance reporting \u2013 cryptosporidiosis NNDSS summary report 2022. Atlanta. 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthy-water-data\/documentation\/cryptosporidiosis-nndss-summary-report-for-2022.html. Assessed 18 Feb 2026."},{"key":"7498_CR124","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Cryptosporidiosis. In: ECDC, editor. Annual epidemiological report for 2021. Stockholm: ECDE; 2024."},{"key":"7498_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249884","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1249884","volume":"14","author":"K Roche","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roche K, Dalle F, Capelli N, Borne R, Jouffroy-Bapicot I, Valot B, et al. From modern-day parasitology to paleoparasitology: the elusive past record and evolution of Cryptosporidium. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1249884.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"7498_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182025100279","volume":"152","author":"D Steverding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steverding D. The history of entamoebiasis. Parasitology. 2025;152:563\u201372.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7498_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08607-9","volume":"124","author":"D Steverding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steverding D. The history of giardiasis. Parasitol Res. 2025;124:15.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"}],"container-title":["Parasites & Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07498-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07498-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07498-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:01:41Z","timestamp":1791910901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07498-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07498-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"444"}}