{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1790736873918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Larval source management remains a potentially important supplementary strategy for malaria vector control, particularly in irrigated agroecosystems, where mosquito breeding habitats are relatively stable and predictable. This study evaluated the operational effectiveness of a novaluron-based larvicide tablet (MOSQINOk\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      0.8P) for reducing mosquito larval and adult densities in irrigated rice-growing communities in The Gambia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quasi-experimental controlled field study was conducted between September and December 2025 in two irrigated rice-growing communities in the Central River Region of The Gambia. Janjangbureh was assigned as the intervention site and Sankuli Kunda as the untreated control. Larval habitats were monitored weekly, while adult mosquitoes were collected biweekly using CDC light traps. Difference-in-differences analyses using negative binomial generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate intervention effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MOSQINOk\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      application was associated with a significant reduction in total larval density per dip (IRR\u2009=\u20090.459, 95% CI 0.216\u20130.974;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042), corresponding to an estimated 54.1% reduction relative to the control site. Late instar larval densities also declined in the intervention arm (IRR\u2009=\u20090.485, 95% CI 0.186\u20131.260), although this was not statistically significant. Pupae were nearly absent in treated habitats following larvicide application. Adult\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      densities also declined in the intervention arm, with difference-in-differences models showing reductions in overall adult\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      (IRR\u2009=\u20090.385, 95% CI 0.121\u20131.225),\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. (IRR\u2009=\u20090.316, 95% CI 0.098\u20131.014), and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (IRR\u2009=\u20090.443, 95% CI 0.107\u20131.834).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings provide preliminary evidence that MOSQINOk\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      0.8P can contribute to suppression of mosquito larval populations and may reduce adult vector densities in irrigated rice agroecosystems. Larger and longer-term studies are warranted to confirm effectiveness and scalability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07501-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:35:54Z","timestamp":1782880554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field evaluation of a novaluron-based larvicide tablet (MOSQINOk\u00ae 0.8P) in irrigated rice agroecosystems of The Gambia: a controlled quasi-experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ebrima A.","family":"Jawara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momodou T.","family":"Nyassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sainey","family":"Sanneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wandifa","family":"Samateh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balla","family":"Gibba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harouna M.","family":"Soumare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Imroz","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakir","family":"Al-Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7501_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World malaria report 2023. Geneva: WHO; 2023."},{"key":"7501_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-329","volume":"12","author":"L Durnez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Durnez L, Coosemans M. Residual transmission of malaria: an old issue for new approaches. Malar J. 2013;12:376.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7501_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-330","volume":"13","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Killeen GF. Characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission. Malar J. 2014;13:330.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7501_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1931-8","volume":"16","author":"J Mwesigwa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mwesigwa J, Okebe J, Affara M, et al. Residual malaria transmission in The Gambia. Malar J. 2017;16:284.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7501_CR5","first-page":"69","volume":"118","author":"SS Imbahale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Imbahale SS, Paaijmans KP, Mukabana WR, et al. A longitudinal study of Anopheles larval abundance in irrigated rice agro-ecosystems. Acta Trop. 2011;118:69\u201376.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7501_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-37","volume":"3","author":"U Fillinger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fillinger U, Sonye G, Killeen GF, et al. The practical importance of permanent breeding sites for malaria vectors. Malar J. 2004;3:37.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7501_CR7","first-page":"586","volume":"103","author":"LB Jarju","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jarju LB, Fillinger U, Green C, et al. Agriculture and malaria transmission in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:586\u201394.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7501_CR8","volume-title":"Larval source management: a supplementary measure for malaria vector control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Larval source management: a supplementary measure for malaria vector control. Geneva: WHO; 2013."},{"key":"7501_CR9","volume-title":"Global report on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors: 2010\u20132016","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global report on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors: 2010\u20132016. Geneva: WHO; 2018."},{"key":"7501_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-10","volume":"2","author":"GJ Devine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Devine GJ, Perea EZ, Killeen GF, et al. Using insect growth regulators for malaria vector control. Parasit Vectors. 2009;2:10.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7501_CR11","first-page":"122","volume":"19","author":"MS Mulla","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mulla MS, Thavara U, Tawatsin A, et al. Evaluation of novaluron against mosquito larvae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2003;19:122\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"7501_CR12","first-page":"180","volume":"30","author":"T Su","year":"2014","unstructured":"Su T, Cheng ML. Resistance development to insect growth regulators in mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2014;30:180\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"7501_CR13","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, The Gambia. Annual Malaria Programme Review Report 2022. Banjul: NMCP; 2023."},{"key":"7501_CR14","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, The Gambia. Malaria Indicator Survey 2019. Banjul: NMCP; 2020."},{"key":"7501_CR15","first-page":"300","volume":"91","author":"J Okebe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okebe J, Affara M, Correa S, et al. Seasonal malaria transmission and vector dynamics in The Gambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91:300\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7501_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-353","volume":"10","author":"U Fillinger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fillinger U, Lindsay SW. Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality. Malar J. 2011;10:353.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7501_CR17","volume":"8","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Thwing J, Sinclair D, et al. Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD008923.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07501-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07501-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07501-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:55:41Z","timestamp":1790733341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07501-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07501-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"CDC light trap collections were conducted at sentinel households with prior verbal informed consent from household heads in accordance with national surveillance guidelines. Community entry and surveillance activities were conducted in coordination with village leaders and the National Malaria Control Programme as part of routine vector surveillance and operational evaluation activities.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"E.A.J., A.I.A., and S.A.Z. are employees of RUSSELL IPM Ltd, the manufacturer of MOSQINOk\n                      \u00ae\n                      0.8P. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"420"}}