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This study evaluated the vaccine potential of\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      thioredoxin peroxidase 1 (Ts-TPx1).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recombinant Ts-TPx1 (rTs-TPx1) was expressed, purified, and characterized. Mice were immunized intraperitoneally with rTs-TPx1\u2009plus\u2009ISA206, ISA206 alone, or PBS, and subsequently challenged orally with\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae. Systemic and intestinal immune reponses, protection\u00a0efficacy, intestianl barrier function, and pathological changes in the murine intestine and diaphragm muscle\u00a0were subsequently assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ts-TPx1 belongs to the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin\u00a0 family. Native Ts-TPx1 is expressed across key lifecycle stages, predominantly localizing to the parasite surface and stichosome. rTs-TPx1 immunization elevated serum levels of Ts-TPx1-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a, with IgG1 levels higher than IgG2a, and increased splenocyte secretion of specific INF-\u03b3 and IL-4. The vaccine conferred significant protection, reducing intestinal adult worm burden by 65.0% and muscle larval burden by 61.8%. It also enhanced intestinal mucosal immunity, as evidenced by increased sIgA and Muc2 levels, and ameliorated intestinal and diaphragm muscle pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      rTs-TPx1 immunization elicited specific intestinal mucosal\u00a0immunity and Th2-biased mixed Th1\/Th2\u00a0systemic protective response, establishing it as a promising vaccine candidate against\n                      <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07517-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T10:15:34Z","timestamp":1781950534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular characterization of thioredoxin peroxidases 1 from Trichinella spiralis and its potential in generating protective immunity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mianjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxiao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peixia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"7517_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 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