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Despite morphological similarity, the molecular mechanisms underlying their different pathogenicity remain largely undefined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Trophozoite proteins from axenic cultures of\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. moshkovskii<\/jats:italic>\n                      were separated and identified using GeLC\u2013MS\/MS, and classified using Gene Ontology. Selected and differentially expressed proteins were validated by peptide-specific antibody production, ELISA, and immunofluorescence to determine cellular localization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1,077 and 1,201 proteins were identified from\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. moshkovskii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. The 801 of\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      common proteins included kinases, GTPase-activating proteins, and heat shock proteins, reflecting conserved cellular processes.\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      -unique proteins involved in nitrogen compound metabolism, vesicle-mediated transport, and catalytic activities, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>E. moshkovskii<\/jats:italic>\n                      proteins were related to lipid metabolism and environmental resilience. Subcellular localization revealed species-specific distribution of MmpL and AIG1-family proteins, suggesting potential roles in pathogenicity and host-immune response. A large proportion of hypothetical proteins was identified, highlighting gaps and opportunities for future study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study highlights conserved and divergent functions and cellular locations of\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      species-specific proteins as insights for distinct pathogenicity and adaptation. MmpL and AIG1 proteins were proposed as potential targets for further diagnostic and therapeutic development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07524-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:36:27Z","timestamp":1782290187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative proteomics reveals distinct functions and localization of invasive Entamoeba histolytica and non-invasive Entamoeba moshkovskii proteins"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Somphob","family":"Leetachewa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narumol","family":"Khomkhum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sittiruk","family":"Roytrakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onrapak","family":"Reamtong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Porntip","family":"Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3461-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saengduen","family":"Moonsom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"7524_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104018","volume":"75","author":"Z Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui Z, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang L. 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