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It has been infrequently reported in several countries over a broad geographic area; however, it has not been reported in Israel previously.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Blood samples were collected from beef and dairy cattle in 23 locations in Israel. Real-time and conventional PCR were used to detect\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.\u00a0and co-infection with bovine piroplasmids. PCR products were sequenced,\u00a0and phylogenetic analysis of the\n                      <jats:italic>B. theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequences was performed. Positive cattle were identified in a limited number of locations with no clear spatial clustering.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was detected in 6 out of 439 (1.4%) blood samples. Of these, four were from beef and two from dairy cattle. No significant differences were found according to age (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.642) and production type (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.802) among the\n                      <jats:italic>B. theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive cattle. Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering of the cattle-derived isolate together with\n                      <jats:italic>B. theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                      amplified from ixodid ticks, supporting a potential transmission cycle involving cattle and\n                      <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. ticks.\n                      <jats:italic>Theileria annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was detected in 11 (4.1%) and one (0.4%) of 268 unvaccinated cattle, respectively. Co-infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Theileria annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                      was found in one beef and one dairy cattle.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tick-borne relapsing fever is present in the cattle population of Israel. Co-infection of\n                      <jats:italic>B. theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                      and bovine piroplasmids may drive clinical disease and financial losses in beef and dairy cattle. This is the first report of\n                      <jats:italic>B. theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0infection in Israel. Future control programs should address the exposure of both beef and dairy cattle to ticks and tick-borne diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07527-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:30:09Z","timestamp":1782228609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Borrelia theileri infection in beef and dairy cattle in Israel: molecular detection and co-infection with bovine piroplasmids"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2505-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dor","family":"Shwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Salant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaarit","family":"Nachum-Biala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Netta","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Leszkowicz -Mazuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Yasur-Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Gleser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Klement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Rudoler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Eliahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Baneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"7527_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.006","volume":"22","author":"MS Dworkin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dworkin MS, Schwan TG, Anderson DE, Borchardt SM. 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The study was approved by the Internal Research Committee of the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine at the Hebrew University (MD-21-16649-2), and included the use of residual blood samples taken during routine veterinary care.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"320"}}