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However, there is no information on the actual burden of these infections in canine populations in several Western\u00a0and South-Central Asian countries, including Afghanistan. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence of CVBP infections in stray and owned dogs across regions of Afghanistan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From July 2020 to August 2024, a total of 100 dogs with outdoor lifestyles in four provinces of Afghanistan (i.e., Kabul, Kunduz, Mazar-i-Sharif, and Takhar) were blood-sampled and molecularly screened for\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatozoon<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., filarioid helminths, and\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 81% of dogs tested positive for at least one VBP.\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatozoon canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most common (68%; present in all provinces), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella vinsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      subsp.\n                      <jats:italic>berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (18%; present in all provinces),\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia vogeli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (4%; present in 3 provinces),\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthocheilonema<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (4%; present in 3 provinces),\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2%; in Kunduz), and\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia negevi<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1%; in Mazar-i-Sharif). Co-infections were detected in 12% of dogs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To the best of our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study of CVBPs in Afghanistan, demonstrating the sympatric circulation of\n                      <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>B. vogeli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>B. negevi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthocheilonema<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of endoparasite and ectoparasite control in owned dogs, as well as the need to control feral animal populations to reduce VBP transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07534-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:53:59Z","timestamp":1783500839000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vector-borne pathogens in dogs from different regions of Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Sazmand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaelisa","family":"Carbonara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zabihullah","family":"Fasehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Annoscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairo Alfonso","family":"Mendoza-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Alimoradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Reza","family":"Mirzayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leili","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"7534_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.05.007","author":"A Rojas","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rojas A, Dantas-Torres F, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Otranto D. 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