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Co-infections with vector-borne\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., as well as infection with more than one\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, may represent a more important cause of neurological and neuropsychiatric illnesses than is currently appreciated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Postmortem blood, tissue, and urine samples from six chronically ill youths who ended or wanted to end their lives were tested for molecular evidence of\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia, Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. using qPCR, dPCR, and enrichment blood culture.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infections with\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , or both genera were confirmed by DNA sequencing in five of six subjects. Three different\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were detected in four subjects, of whom two were infected with more than one\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. All six had equivocal\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. dPCR\u2009+\u2009or enrichment culture dPCR\u2009+\u2009results.\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was confirmed by DNA sequencing in two individuals.\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      dPCR was equivocally positive in one subject but could not be confirmed by DNA sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings support the hypothesis that persistent\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. infections may have a causal role in chronic illness and potentially suicidality in young people. More research is needed to determine the prevalence and role of these pathogens in patients with chronic physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms and suicidal ideation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07541-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:05:31Z","timestamp":1785128731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postmortem evidence of Babesia and Bartonella infections in chronically ill suicidal young people"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Robveille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo G.","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry H.","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent T.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Kingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7541_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13076","author":"R Lathe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lathe R, Schultek NM, Balin BJ, Ehrlich GD, Auber LA, Perry G, et al. 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On behalf of the Institutional Review Board Committee, the Director of the North Carolina State University Institutional Review Board provided a written determination stating testing of specimens from deceased individuals is NOT Research with Human Subjects as outlined in the (United States) Code of Federal Regulations 45 CFR 46.101 and 45 CFR 46.102. This project does not require IRB review or approval. The corresponding author obtained signed permission (BioMed Central Consent Form) to publish from a parent of each of the six individuals in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All parents reviewed the case report information for their child who was included in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In conjunction with Dr. S. Sontakke and North Carolina State University, E. B. Breitschwerdt holds US Patent No. 7,115,385 Media and Methods for Cultivation of Microorganisms, which was issued on October 3rd, 2006. He is a co-founder, shareholder and Chief Scientific Officer for Galaxy Diagnostics, a company that provides advanced diagnostic testing for the detection of\n                      Bartonella\n                      spp. infections. Dr. Ricardo Maggi is a co-founder and the Chief Technical Officer for Galaxy Diagnostics Inc. Dr. Henry H. Lindner is a relative of one of the individuals in this study. All other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"376"}}