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In Australia, developmental stages of\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Mundinia<\/jats:italic>\n )\n macropodum<\/jats:italic>\n have been observed in\n Forcipomyia<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n ), suggesting that biting midges may play a role in\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n transmission beyond traditional sand fly vectors. However, in Southeast Asia\u2014where leishmaniasis caused by\n Mundinia<\/jats:italic>\n species is an emerging autochthonous disease in humans\u2014fundamental information on\n Forcipomyia<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n ) diversity and its association with\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n remains limited.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n An integrated morphological-molecular approach was employed to characterize\n Forcipomyia<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n ) midges collected using sweep nets from a leishmaniasis-endemic area in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Southern Thailand, near the residence of a patient with locally acquired cutaneous leishmaniasis, during January and June 2025. Morphological examination of mandibular dentition, sensory pits, cibarial armature, and spermathecal structure was combined with mitochondrial\n cox<\/jats:italic>\n 1 barcoding, Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses, and species delimitation methods (ASAP and mPTP). Because females of the subgenus\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n possess a single spermatheca, only single-spermatheca females were selected for species identification. Specimens identified as\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n were subsequently screened for\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n using 18S rRNA-qPCR and ITS1-PCR, followed by nanopore-based ITS1 metabarcoding for species-level identification. Vertebrate blood meal sources were also characterized using vertebrate\n cox<\/jats:italic>\n 1 metabarcoding.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n From 264 collected midges, 72 female specimens with a single spermatheca were selected for analysis. Integrated morphological and molecular data identified seven\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n specimens forming four genetic clusters, comprising\n F.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n )\n parvitas<\/jats:italic>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092) and three lineages closely related to\n F.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n )\n peditata<\/jats:italic>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092),\n F.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n )\n humilavolita<\/jats:italic>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092), and\n F.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n )\n taiwana<\/jats:italic>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091). These were clearly separated from non-\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n taxa, including\n F.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Euprojoannisia<\/jats:italic>\n )\n fuscimana<\/jats:italic>\n and two unclassified Ceratopogonidae lineages. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses revealed cryptic genetic\u00a0diversity despite morphological similarity.\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n DNA was detected in six of seven\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n specimens. Nanopore ITS1 metabarcoding identified autochthonous species (\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Mundinia<\/jats:italic>\n )\n martiniquensis<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0and\u00a0\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n M.<\/jats:italic>\n )\n orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n ) and additional\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0species (\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n )\n amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0and\u00a0\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n )\n major<\/jats:italic>\n ), including mixed-species detections in four specimens. A single engorged specimen contained DNA from red junglefowl (\n Gallus gallus spadiceus<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This study provides the first integrated characterization of\n Forcipomyia<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n ) diversity and associated\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n detection in Southeast Asia. The results identified several putatively distinct species\u00a0within\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n and provide evidence of natural exposure of these midges to multiple\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n species, suggesting a complex parasite-midge association and\u00a0parasite co-circulation in the local environment. Although vector competence was not assessed, these findings suggest that\n Forcipomyia<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Lasiohelea<\/jats:italic>\n ) may be involved in the circulation of\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n parasites and may represent promising candidates for further investigation of vector competence. Future studies focusing on host associations, parasite development, and experimental transmission are needed to clarify their epidemiological significance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07544-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:25:26Z","timestamp":1782815126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrative morphological and DNA barcoding analysis of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) midges: cryptic diversity and first molecular detection of multiple Leishmania species in a leishmaniasis-endemic focus in Southern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mawra","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakone","family":"Sunantaraporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chulaluk","family":"Promrangsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chatchapon","family":"Sricharoensuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinnara","family":"Ampol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungfar","family":"Boonserm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puckavadee","family":"Somwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pathamet","family":"Khositharattanakool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padet","family":"Siriyasatien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6325-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanok","family":"Preativatanyou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"7544_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Aquatic biodiversity in Latin America (ABLA)","author":"A Borkent","year":"2007","unstructured":"Borkent A, Spinelli GR. 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